5 | CONCLUSION
We conclude that there is evidence of temporal partitioning being used by raccoons in the presence of coyotes. On the surface, our results seemingly contradict recent works that suggest that coyotes are not an important intraguild predator for raccoons, and that raccoons thus do not partition time to avoid coyotes (Gehrt and Clark 2003; Chitwood et al. 2020). Instead, we suggest that time use shifts may be at a fine scale, and whether they are present depends on a suite of factors. Therefore for a behaviorally plastic species such as the raccoon, it is difficult to make broad conclusions about time use without considering the considerable variation across the urban-rural gradient they inhabit. Similarly for the coyote, their role as an intraguild aggressor for raccoons is not static across the urban-rural gradient. Instead, the competitive dominance of coyotes is likely dependent on the amount of human pressure and the presence of other larger competitors. Ultimately, as the human footprint on the planet continues to deepen, we need to continue reevaluating interactions across the gradient that it creates. The paradigm in conservation is also shifting to include in situconservation of species in urban habitats, rather than considering these areas solely as suboptimal sink habitats (Magle et al. 2012; Athreya et al. 2013; Mormile and Hill 2017). Studies comparing the ecological roles of species within a community between urban and natural systems are timely. Such work will prove invaluable in understanding how wildlife communities in these novel habitats differ not just in composition, but also in their function.