References
1. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, Benditt DG, Benarroch E, Biaggioni I, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clinical Autonomic Research. 2011;21(2):69-72.
2. Poon IO, Braun U. High prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and its correlation with potentially causative medications among elderly veterans. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2005;30(2):173-8.
3. Metzler M, Duerr S, Granata R, Krismer F, Robertson D, Wenning GK. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management. J Neurol. 2013;260(9):2212-9.
4. Ricci F, De Caterina R, Fedorowski A. Orthostatic Hypotension: Epidemiology, Prognosis, and Treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(7):848-60.
5. Weiss A, Grossman E, Beloosesky Y, Grinblat J. Orthostatic Hypotension in Acute Geriatric Ward: Is It a Consistent Finding? Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002;162(20):2369-74.
6. Rose Kathryn M, Eigenbrodt Marsha L, Biga Rebecca L, Couper David J, Light Kathleen C, Sharrett AR, et al. Orthostatic Hypotension Predicts Mortality in Middle-Aged Adults. Circulation. 2006;114(7):630-6.
7. Eschlböck S, Wenning G, Fanciulli A. Evidence-based treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and related symptoms. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017;124(12):1567-605.
8. Kaufmann H, Malamut R, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Rosa K, Freeman R. The Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire (OHQ): validation of a novel symptom assessment scale. Clin Auton Res. 2012;22(2):79-90.
9. Busner J, Targum SD. The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2007;4(7):28-37.
10. BNF. British National Formulary (BNF): NICE; 2022 [Available from: https://bnf.nice.org.uk.
11. Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Shrivastava S, Hassanali M, Stothard P, et al. DrugBank: a comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(Database issue):D668-72.
12. Byun JI, Kim DY, Moon J, Shin HR, Sunwoo JS, Lee WJ, et al. Efficacy of atomoxetine versus midodrine for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Annals of clinical and translational neurology. 2020;7(1):112‐20.
13. Okamoto LE, Shibao C, Gamboa A, Choi L, Diedrich A, Raj SR, et al. Synergistic effect of norepinephrine transporter blockade and alpha-2 antagonism on blood pressure in autonomic failure. Hypertension. 2012;59(3):650-6.
14. Okamoto LE, Shibao CA, Gamboa A, Diedrich A, Raj SR, Black BK, et al. Synergistic Pressor Effect of Atomoxetine and Pyridostigmine in Patients With Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension. Hypertension. 2019;73(1):235-41.
15. Ramirez CE, Okamoto LE, Arnold AC, Gamboa A, Diedrich A, Choi L, et al. Efficacy of atomoxetine versus midodrine for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension. 2014;64(6):1235-40.
16. Byun JI, Moon J, Kim DY, Shin H, Sunwoo JS, Lim JA, et al. Efficacy of single or combined midodrine and pyridostigmine in orthostatic hypotension. Neurology. 2017;89(10):1078‐86.
17. Jankovic J, Gilden JL, Hiner BC, Kaufmann H, Brown DC, Coghlan CH, et al. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with midodrine. American Journal of Medicine. 1993;95(1):38-48.
18. Kaufmann H, Saadia D, Voustianiouk A. Midodrine in neurally mediated syncope: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Annals of Neurology. 2002;52(3):342-5.
19. Low PA, Gilden JL, Freeman R, Sheng K-N, McElligott MA. Efficacy of Midodrine vs Placebo in Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension: A Randomized, Double-blind Multicenter Study. JAMA. 1997;277(13):1046-51.
20. Smith W, Wan H, Much D, Robinson AG, Martin P. Clinical benefit of midodrine hydrochloride in symptomatic orthostatic hypotension: a phase 4, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, tilt-table study. Clinical Autonomic Research. 2016;26(4):269-77.
21. Wright RA, Kaufmann HC, Perera R, Opfer-Gehrking TL, McElligott MA, Sheng KN, et al. A double-blind, dose-response study of midodrine in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Neurology. 1998;51(1):120-4.
22. Hauser RA, Hewitt LA, Isaacson S. Droxidopa in patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension associated with Parkinson’s disease (NOH306A). J Parkinsons Dis. 2014;4(1):57-65.
23. Hauser RA, Isaacson S, Lisk JP, Hewitt LA, Rowse G. Droxidopa for the Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinson’s Disease (nOH306B). Movement Disorders. 2015;30(5):646-54.
24. Isaacson S, Shill HA, Vernino S, Ziemann A, Rowse GJ. Safety and Durability of Effect with Long-Term, Open-Label Droxidopa Treatment in Patients with Symptomatic Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension (NOH303). Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2016;6(4):751-9.
25. Kaufmann H, Saadia D, Voustianiouk A, Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Yahr MD, et al. Norepinephrine precursor therapy in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Circulation. 2003;108(6):724-8.
26. Singer W, Sandroni P, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Suarez GA, Klein CM, Hines S, et al. Pyridostigmine treatment trial in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Archives of Neurology. 2006;63(4):513-8.
27. Shibao C, Okamoto LE, Gamboa A, Yu C, Diedrich A, Raj SR, et al. Comparative efficacy of yohimbine against pyridostigmine for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension. 2010;56(5):847-51.
28. Arnold AC, Ramirez CE, Choi L, Okamoto LE, Gamboa A, Diedrich A, et al. Combination ergotamine and caffeine improves seated blood pressure and presyncopal symptoms in autonomic failure. Frontiers in Physiology. 2014;5 JUN (no pagination).
29. Senard JM, Rascol O, Rascol A, Montastruc JL. Lack of yohimbine effect on ambulatory blood pressure recording: a double-blind cross-over trial in parkinsonians with orthostatic hypotension. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1993;7(8):465-70.
30. Schoffer KL, Henderson RD, O’Maley K, O’Sullivan JD. Nonpharmacological treatment, fludrocortisone, and domperidone for orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. 2007;22(11):1543-9.
31. Campbell IW, Ewing DJ, Clarke BF. Therapeutic experience with fludrocortisone in diabetic postural hypotension. British medical journal. 1976;1(6014):872-4.
32. Rowe PC, Calkins H, DeBusk K, McKenzie R, Anand R, Sharma G, et al. Fludrocortisone acetate to treat neurally mediated hypotension in chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2001;285(1):52-9.
33. Schreglmann SR, Büchele F, Sommerauer M, Epprecht L, Kägi G, Hägele-Link S, et al. Pyridostigmine bromide versus fludrocortisone in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease - a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24(4):545-51.
34. Bacchi S, Chim I, Kramer P, Postuma RB. Domperidone for Hypotension in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2017;7(4):603-17.
35. Elgebaly A, Abdelazeim B, Mattar O, Gadelkarim M, Salah R, Negida A. Meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of droxidopa for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Clinical Autonomic Research. 2016;26(3):171-80.
36. Izcovich A, Gonzalez Malla C, Manzotti M, Catalano HN, Guyatt G. Midodrine for orthostatic hypotension and recurrent reflex syncope: A systematic review. Neurology. 2014;83(13):1170-7.
37. Logan IC, Witham MD. Efficacy of treatments for orthostatic hypotension: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2012;41(5):587-94.
38. Ong AC, Myint PK, Shepstone L, Potter JF. A systematic review of the pharmacological management of orthostatic hypotension. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67(7):633-46.
39. Veazie S, Peterson K, Ansari Y, Chung KA, Gibbons CH, Raj SR, et al. Fludrocortisone for orthostatic hypotension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021(5).
40. Watson G. CONtrol, Fludrocortisone OR Midodrine for the treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension (CONFORM-OH): a randomised controlled trial. 2021.
41. Kaufmann H, Freeman R, Biaggioni I, Low P, Pedder S, Hewitt LA, et al. Droxidopa for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. 2014;83(4):328-35.
42. Campbell IW, Ewing DJ, Clarke BF. 9-Alpha-fluorohydrocortisone in the treatment of postural hypotension in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes. 1975;24(4):381-4.