Conclusion:
We provided a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of the galling aphid S. chinensis . Phylogenomic analysis indicated thatS. chinensis diverged from the common ancestor of Eriosoma lanigerum at approximately 57.16 million years ago. Transcriptome comparison showed 35 genes encoding salivary gland proteins highly expressed at the gall forming fundatrix stage. Some of these salivary proteins may involve in gall formation. Our results may benefit future research on elucidating the molecular basis for the unique biology associated with galling aphids, especially for that which inducing completely closed galls and on revealing the molecular mechanisms for gall induction and host interactions.