Data collection
Medical records were reviewed and the following information extracted: demographic characteristics; smoking status; comorbidity; liver parameters (alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], total bilirubin [TBIL], direct bilirubin [DBIL], and indirect bilirubin [IBIL]); metabolic parameters (triglyceride [TG], total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] value); ultrasonographic parameters (liver stiffness measurement [LSM] and fat attenuation parameter [FAP]); and intestinal parameters (serum D-lactate, diamine oxidase [DAO] and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]).