Discussion
Across a human-modified landscape consisting of forest fragments adjacent to contiguous forests, trait-mediated changes in species abundances revealed that similar environmental gradients act differently in fragments compared to contiguous forests in the same landscape. Compositional change in contiguous forest occurred via multiple environmental factors acting simultaneously to select for combinations of traits. Notably, fragments had no discernible trait-environment linkages that mediated compositional change across environmental gradients. Environmental influence on trait covariance suggests than constraints on trait combinations may be important criteria to manage and restore fragments for composition and function.