where, Q, Ds, and Vs are the flow rate
of the dispensed biomaterial, printed diameter, and printing speed,
respectively. Notably, the extrusion flow rate of a biomaterial is a
function of the given operating parameters (such as pressure and
temperature), the biomaterial rheological properties (such as viscosity,
consistency, and flow index), and geometric parameters (such as needle
diameter and length), as given in S1 by Li et al.[38]: