References
1. Caruso TJ, Janik LS, Fuzaylov G.
Airway management of recovered pediatric patients with severe head and
neck burns: a review. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):462-8.
2. Prakash S, Mullick P. Airway
management in patients with burn contractures of the neck. Burns.
2015;41(8):1627-35.
3. Ahmad I, El-Boghdadly K, Bhagrath
R, Hodzovic I, McNarry AF, Mir F, O’Sullivan EP, Patel A, Stacey M,
Vaughan D. Difficult Airway Society guidelines for awake tracheal
intubation (ATI) in adults. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(4):509-28.
4. Park CD, Lee HK, Yim JY, Kang IH.
Anesthetic management for a patient with severe mento-sternal
contracture: difficult airway and scarce venous access -A case report.
Korean J Anesthesiol. 2013;64(1):61-4.
5. Smith CE, Fallon WF, Jr.
Sevoflurane mask anesthesia for urgent tracheostomy in an uncooperative
trauma patient with a difficult airway. Can J Anaesth. 2000;47(3):242-5.
6. Siddiqui N, Arzola C, Friedman Z,
Guerina L, You-Ten KE. Ultrasound Improves Cricothyrotomy Success in
Cadavers with Poorly Defined Neck Anatomy: A Randomized Control Trial.
Anesthesiology. 2015;123(5):1033-41.
7. Rosenstock CV, Thogersen B, Afshari
A, Christensen AL, Eriksen C, Gatke MR. Awake fiberoptic or awake video
laryngoscopic tracheal intubation in patients with anticipated difficult
airway management: a randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology.
2012;116(6):1210-6.
8. Liu HH, Zhou T, Wei JQ, Ma WH.
Comparison between remifentanil and dexmedetomidine for sedation during
modified awake fiberoptic intubation. Exp Ther Med. 2015;9(4):1259-64.
9. Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Caplan
RA, Blitt CD, Connis RT, Nickinovich DG, Benumof JL, Berry FA, Bode RH,
Cheney FW, Guidry OF, Ovassapian A. Practice guidelines for management
of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of
Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway.
Anesthesiology. 2013;118(2):251-70.
10. Law JA, Morris IR, Brousseau PA,
de la Ronde S, Milne AD. The incidence, success rate, and complications
of awake tracheal intubation in 1,554 patients over 12 years: an
historical cohort study. Can J Anaesth. 2015;62(7):736-44.
11. Fiadjoe JE, Nishisaki A,
Jagannathan N, Hunyady AI, Greenberg RS, Reynolds PI, Matuszczak ME,
Rehman MA, Polaner DM, Szmuk P, Nadkarni VM, McGowan FX, Jr., Litman RS,
Kovatsis PG. Airway management complications in children with difficult
tracheal intubation from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation (PeDI)
registry: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet Respir Med.
2016;4(1):37-48.
12. Joseph TT, Gal JS, DeMaria S,
Jr., Lin HM, Levine AI, Hyman JB. A Retrospective Study of Success,
Failure, and Time Needed to Perform Awake Intubation. Anesthesiology.
2016;125(1):105-14.
13. Xue FS, Yuan YJ, Wang Q, Liu JH,
Liao X. Comments on ”Propofol versus sevoflurane for fiberoptic
intubation under spontaneous breathing anesthesia in patients difficult
to intubate”. Minerva Anestesiol. 2011;77(4):470-1; author reply 472-3.
14. Cattano D, Lam NC, Ferrario L,
Seitan C, Vahdat K, Wilcox DW, Hagberg CA. Dexmedetomidine versus
Remifentanil for Sedation during Awake Fiberoptic Intubation.
Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2012;2012:753107.
15. Gupta B, Kohli S, Farooque K,
Jalwal G, Gupta D, Sinha S, Chandralekha. Topical airway anesthesia for
awake fiberoptic intubation: Comparison between airway nerve blocks and
nebulized lignocaine by ultrasonic nebulizer. 1. Caruso TJ, Janik LS,
Fuzaylov G. Airway management of recovered pediatric patients with
severe head and neck burns: a review. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22: 462-8.
2. Prakash S, Mullick P. Airway management in patients with burn
contractures of the neck. Burns 2015; 41: 1627-35.
3. Ahmad I, El-Boghdadly K, Bhagrath R, Hodzovic I, McNarry AF, Mir F,
O’Sullivan EP, Patel A, Stacey M, Vaughan D. Difficult Airway Society
guidelines for awake tracheal intubation (ATI) in adults.
Anaesthesia.2020 04 ;75(4):509-528.
4. Park CD, Lee HK, Yim JY, Kang IH. Anesthetic management for a patient
with severe mento-sternal contracture: difficult airway and scarce
venous access -A case report. Korean J Anesthesiol 2013; 64: 61-4.
5. Smith CE, Fallon WF, Jr. Sevoflurane mask anesthesia for urgent
tracheostomy in an uncooperative trauma patient with a difficult airway.
Can J Anaesth 2000; 47: 242-5.
6. Siddiqui N, Arzola C, Friedman Z, Guerina L, You-Ten KE. Ultrasound
Improves Cricothyrotomy Success in Cadavers with Poorly Defined Neck
Anatomy: A Randomized Control Trial. Anesthesiology 2015; 123: 1033-41.
7. Rosenstock CV, Thogersen B, Afshari A, Christensen AL, Eriksen C,
Gatke MR. Awake fiberoptic or awake video laryngoscopic tracheal
intubation in patients with anticipated difficult airway management: a
randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology 2012; 116: 1210-6.
8. Liu HH, Zhou T, Wei JQ, Ma WH. Comparison between remifentanil and
dexmedetomidine for sedation during modified awake fiberoptic
intubation. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9: 1259-64.
9. Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Caplan RA, Blitt CD, Connis RT, Nickinovich
DG, Benumof JL, Berry FA, Bode RH, Cheney FW, Guidry OF, Ovassapian A.
Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated
report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on
Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology 2013; 118: 251-70.
10. Law JA, Morris IR, Brousseau PA, de la Ronde S, Milne AD. The
incidence, success rate, and complications of awake tracheal intubation
in 1,554 patients over 12 years: an historical cohort study. Can J
Anaesth 2015; 62: 736-44.
11. Fiadjoe JE, Nishisaki A, Jagannathan N, Hunyady AI, Greenberg RS,
Reynolds PI, Matuszczak ME, Rehman MA, Polaner DM, Szmuk P, Nadkarni VM,
McGowan FX, Jr., Litman RS, Kovatsis PG. Airway management complications
in children with difficult tracheal intubation from the Pediatric
Difficult Intubation (PeDI) registry: a prospective cohort analysis.
Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4: 37-48.
12. Joseph TT, Gal JS, DeMaria S, Jr., Lin HM, Levine AI, Hyman JB. A
Retrospective Study of Success, Failure, and Time Needed to Perform
Awake Intubation. Anesthesiology 2016; 125: 105-14.
13. Xue FS, Yuan YJ, Wang Q, Liu JH, Liao X. Comments on ”Propofol
versus sevoflurane for fiberoptic intubation under spontaneous breathing
anesthesia in patients difficult to intubate”. Minerva Anestesiol 2011;
77: 470-1; author reply 72-3.
14. Cattano D, Lam NC, Ferrario L, Seitan C, Vahdat K, Wilcox DW,
Hagberg CA. Dexmedetomidine versus Remifentanil for Sedation during
Awake Fiberoptic Intubation. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2012; 2012: 753107.
15. Gupta B, Kohli S, Farooque K, Jalwal G, Gupta D, Sinha S,
Chandralekha. Topical airway anesthesia for awake fiberoptic intubation:
Comparison between airway nerve blocks and nebulized lignocaine by
ultrasonic nebulizer. Saudi J Anaesth. 2014;8(Suppl 1):S15-9.
Fig. 1. The face, neck, and chest appearance of a 33-year-old woman with
severe postburn mentosternal contracture. Views on the front (a) and
lateral (b) showed obvious contractures and a large carcinoma on the
face, neck, and chest, and a small oral opening. (c) Intubated state
after skin grafting surgery.
Fig. 2. The modified spray-as-you-go technique. (a) An epidural catheter
was fixed at the end of the fiberscope. Supplemental oxygen was
delivered via a tube through the mouth to avoid hypoxemia. Views on the
lateral (b) and top (c) showed the local anesthetic was sprayed out from
the epidural catheter.
Fig. 3. Images showed the anesthesiologist sprayed 2% lidocaine via an
epidural catheter onto the patient’s airway mucosa. (a) Posterior nasal
canal, (b) left pharyngeal recess, (c) epiglottis, (d) right pharyngeal
recess, (e) supraglottis, (f) subglottis and trachea.