\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Do institutional arrangements influence the speed of adoption of
laser-land leveller technology in the irrigated farmlands of Punjab,
Pakistan? A discrete-time duration analysis}



\author[1]{Asjad Tariq Sheikh}%
\author[1]{Amin Mugera}%
\author[1]{Ram  Pandit}%
\author[1]{Michael Burton}%
\author[2]{Stephen Davies}%
\affil[1]{The University of Western Australia}%
\affil[2]{International Food Policy Research Institute}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Governments and international donors are actively promoting laser-land
leveller (LLL) technology to produce environmental benefits (i.e., avoid
soil salinity, minimize soil erosion risk, and groundwater security)
that could lead to sustainable agricultural production and averting land
degradation. We investigate the adoption process of laser-land leveller
(LLL) technology in Punjab, Pakistan during the period 1985--2018 using
survey data from 504 farming households. A discrete-time duration model
is used to investigate factors that could influence the speed of
adoption of LLL technology and an endogenous switching regression (ESR)
model to evaluate its impact on groundwater usage. It is found that
about 70\% of the surveyed households had adopted the technology. The
key determinants of the speed of adoption include strong legal land
entitlements, farm size, and farm location along the watercourse.
Information acquired through formal and informal sources and exposure to
the technology potentially reduce adoption time. The adoption of LLL
reduces groundwater use by about 23\% in wheat crop. These results
highlight the need for improved institutional arrangements such as
extension services, technology exposure, and establishing legal property
rights over land to enhance uptake of LLL technology.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Do institutional arrangements influence the speed of adoption of
laser-land leveller technology in the irrigated farmlands of Punjab,
Pakistan? A discrete-time duration analysis}

Asjad Tariq Sheikh\textsuperscript{a,}11Corresponding author. E-mail
addresses: asjadtariq.sheikh@research.uwa.edu.au,
asjadtariqsheikh@gmail.com (Asjad Tariq Sheikh), amin.mugera@uwa.edu.au
(Amin Mugera), ram.pandit@uwa.edu.au (Ram Pandit),
michael.burton@uwa.edu.au (Michael Burton), S.Davies@cgiar.org (Stephen
Davies), Amin Mugera\textsuperscript{a, b}, Ram
Pandit\textsuperscript{b,c}, Michael Burton\textsuperscript{a, b},
Stephen Davies\textsuperscript{d}

\textsuperscript{a} The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of
Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.

\textsuperscript{b} UWA School of Agriculture and Environment,
University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009,
Australia.

\textsuperscript{c} Global Center for Food, Land and Water Resources,
Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido
060-0815, Japan.

\textsuperscript{d} International Food Policy Research Institute,
Development Strategy and Governance (DSGD), 1201 Eye Street, NW,
Washington, DC 20005, USA

\textbf{Acknowledgements}

We acknowledge the joint financial support for this research from the
UWA International Research Training Program (RTP) scholarship and
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) under contract No.
2019X103.UWA.

\textbf{ABSTRACT}

Governments and international donors are actively promoting laser-land
leveller (LLL) technology to produce environmental benefits (i.e., avoid
soil salinity, minimize soil erosion risk, and groundwater security)
that could lead to sustainable agricultural production and averting land
degradation. We investigate the adoption process of laser-land leveller
(LLL) technology in Punjab, Pakistan during the period 1985--2018 using
survey data from 504 farming households. A discrete-time duration model
is used to investigate factors that could influence the speed of
adoption of LLL technology and an endogenous switching regression (ESR)
model to evaluate its impact on groundwater usage. It is found that
about 70\% of the surveyed households had adopted the technology. The
key determinants of the speed of adoption include strong legal land
entitlements, farm size, and farm location along the watercourse.
Information acquired through formal and informal sources and exposure to
the technology potentially reduce adoption time. The adoption of LLL
reduces groundwater use by about 23\% in wheat crop. These results
highlight the need for improved institutional arrangements such as
extension services, technology exposure, and establishing legal property
rights over land to enhance uptake of LLL technology.

\textbf{Keywords:} Laser Land Leveller, Land management, Discrete-time
duration model, Endogenous switching regression, Propensity score
matching

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`adoption of LLL_20210730_Final.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/429756/articles/533382-do-institutional-arrangements-influence-the-speed-of-adoption-of-laser-land-leveller-technology-in-the-irrigated-farmlands-of-punjab-pakistan-a-discrete-time-duration-analysis}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

