REFERENCES
1. Ingegnoli F, Ughi N, Crotti C, Mosca M, Tani C. Outcomes, rates and predictors of transition of isolated Raynaud’s phenomenon: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Swiss Med Wkly. 2017;147:w14506. doi: 10.4414/smw.2017.14506.
2. Hughes M, Allanore Y, Chung L, Pauling JD, Denton CP, Matucci-Cerinic M. Raynaud phenomenon and digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16(4):208-221. doi: 10.1038/s41584-020-0386-4.
3. Galluccio F, Matucci-Cerinic M. Two faces of the same coin: Raynaud phenomenon and digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;10(5):241-3. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.09.008.
4. Carlsson D, Wahlström J, Burström L, Hagberg M, Lundström R, Pettersson H, et al. Can sensation of cold hands predict Raynaud’s phenomenon or paraesthesia? Occup Med (Lond). 2018;68(5):314-319. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqy053. PMID: 29750280;
5. Temprano KK. A Review of Raynaud’s Disease. Mo Med. 2016;113(2):123-6. PMID: 27311222;
6. Lambova SN, Müller-Ladner U. The role of capillaroscopy in differentiation of primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon in rheumatic diseases: a review of the literature and two case reports. Rheumatol Int. 2009;29(11):1263-71. doi: 10.1007/s00296-009-1019-z.
7. Latuskiewicz-Potemska J, Chmura-Skirlinska A, Gurbiel RJ, Smolewska E. Nailfold capillaroscopy assessment of microcirculation abnormalities and endothelial dysfunction in children with primary or secondary Raynaud syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35(8):1993-2001. doi: 10.1007/s10067-016-3340-8.
8. Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, Celermajer D, Charbonneau F, Creager MA, et al. International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(2):257-65.
9. Karahan O, Manduz S, Bektasoglu G, Zorlu A, Turkdogan KA, Bozok S. A high oxidative stress index predicts endothelial dysfunction in young male smokers. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2013;114(12):721-5. doi: 10.4149/bll_2013_152.
10. Duman A, Turkdogan KA, Avcil M, Yenisey C, Ture M, Akoz A, et al. The predictive value of the inflammatory markers P-selectin and MCP1 in determining the length of stay and 30-day survival in the differentiation of sepsis patients. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018;68(9):1321-1326.
11. Le JH, Cho KI. Association between endothelial function and microvascular changes in patients with secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Clin Rheumatol. 2014;33(11):1627-33. doi: 10.1007/s10067-014-2553-y.
12. Mosdósi B, Bölcskei K, Helyes Z. Impairment of microcirculation and vascular responsiveness in adolescents with primary Raynaud phenomenon. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2018;16(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12969-018-0237-x.
13. Pyke KE, Tschakovsky ME. The relationship between shear stress and flow-mediated dilatation: implications for the assessment of endothelial function. J Physiol. 2005;568(Pt 2):357-69. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.089755.
14. Charakida M, Masi S, Lüscher TF, Kastelein JJ, Deanfield JE. Assessment of atherosclerosis: the role of flow-mediated dilatation. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(23):2854-61. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq340.
15. Flavahan NA. A vascular mechanistic approach to understanding Raynaud phenomenon. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11(3):146-58. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.195.
16. Mavrikakis ME, Lekakis JP, Papamichael CM, Stamatelopoulos KS, Kostopoulos ChC, Stamatelopoulos SF. Ascorbic acid does not improve endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003;73(1):3-7. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831.73.1.3.
17. Klein-Weigel P, Krall K, Falkensammer J, Heinz-Erian P, Ulmer H, Fraedrich G. Lack of seasonal variation in flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery in women with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon and healthy controls. Vasa. 2003;32(2):69-73. doi: 10.1024/0301-1526.32.2.69. 18. Karahan O, Yavuz C, Kankilic N, Demirtas S, Tezcan O, Caliskan A, et al. Simple blood tests as predictive markers of disease severity and clinical condition in patients with venous insufficiency. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2016;27(6):684-90. doi: 10.1097/MBC.0000000000000478.
19. Kadan M, Karabacak K, Kaya E, Arslan G, Erol G, Doğancı S, et al. Platelet indices may be correlated with severity of vasospastic disorders. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2015;21:63-7. doi: 10.12659/MSMBR.893999.
20. Shemirani AH, Nagy B Jr, Takáts AT, Zsóri KS, András C, Kappelmayer J, et al. Increased mean platelet volume in primary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Platelets. 2012;23(4):312-6. doi: 10.3109/09537104.2011.618563.
21. Turan E, Kilic SS. Retrospective view of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon in childhood. Reumatol Clin. 2019;15(6):e92-e95.doi: 10.1016/j.reuma.2017.12.012.
22. Lau CS, O’Dowd A, Belch JJ. White blood cell activation in Raynaud’s phenomenon of systemic sclerosis and vibration induced white finger syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992;51(2):249-52. doi: 10.1136/ard.51.2.249.
23. Spengler MI, Svetaz MJ, Leroux MB, Leiva ML, Bottai HM. Association between capillaroscopy, haemorheological variables and plasma proteins in patients bearing Raynaud’s phenomenon. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2004;30(1):17-24.
24. Żuk J, Snarska-Drygalska A, Malinowski KP, Papuga-Szela E, Natorska J, Undas A. Unfavourably altered plasma clot properties in patients with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: association with venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2019;47(2):248-254. doi: 10.1007/s11239-019-01805-0.
25. Deshmane SL, Kremlev S, Amini S, Sawaya BE. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1): an overview. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2009;29(6):313-26. doi: 10.1089/jir.2008.0027.
26. Rajagopalan S, Pfenninger D, Kehrer C, Chakrabarti A, Somers E, Pavlic R, et al. Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin 1 levels in secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon: implications for vascular dysfunction and progression of disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(7):1992-2000. doi: 10.1002/art.11060.
27. Yamamoto T, Nishioka K. Role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and its receptor,CCR-2, in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced scleroderma. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121(3):510-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12408.x.
28. Bellando Randone S, George J, Mazzotta C, Guiducci S, Furst DE, Mor A, et al. Angiostatic and Angiogenic Chemokines in Systemic Sclerosis: An Overview. Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders. 2017;2(1):1-10. doi:10.5301/jsrd.5000226
Figure and Table Legends
Figure 1. The bruising on hand and foot in patients with pRP
Figure 2. The comparison of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) values in normal and abnormal flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) groups.
Table 1. The comparison of demographic and laboratory variables in pRP and healthy control group
Table 2. The relation between laboratory parameters and abnormal flow-mediated dilatation (FMD)
Table 1. The comparison of demographic and laboratory variables in pRP and healthy control group