Dispersal

All four dispersal elements were positively correlated with each other (Spearman rank-order correlation, all pairwise p-values<0.05). In the statistical models, the three-way interaction between range, density, and mate status was not statistically significant in any model, so it was removed from all models. Results for covariates and random effects are in Table S2.
During the dispersal trials, 84.2% of all beetles took at least one flight. For occurrence of flight, the interaction between mating status and range was statistically significant (c2=4.14, p-value=0.042), indicating unmated edge beetles were more likely to fly than unmated core beetles (core probability=0.84, edge probability=0.93; z=-2.309, p=0.021), but there was no difference for mated beetles (core probability=0.86, edge probability=0.84; z=0.356, p=0.722; Fig. 4A). The interaction between density and mate status was close to statistical significance (c2=3.01, p=0.083), such that unmated beetles tended to fly more than mated beetles at low density, but there was no difference between mated and unmated at high density (Fig. S2A).
The number of flights during the 1-hr trial ranged from 0 to 13 (median=2). The interaction between density and range was statistically significant (c2=4.93, p=0.026), indicating at low density, edge beetles took more flights than core beetles (core flights=1.68, SE=0.15; edge flights=2.13, SE=0.17; t=-2.064, p=0.040), but there was no difference at high density (core flights=2.03, SE=0.16; edge flights=1.93, SE=0.15; t=0.490, p=0.625; Fig. 4B). The interaction between density and mate status was close to statistical significance, demonstrating that unmated beetles tended to take more flights than mated beetles at low density and the opposite at high density (c2=3.48, p=0.062) (Fig. S2B).
Individuals flew up to 2.3 km (median=8 m), during the 1-hr trial. The interaction between density and mate status was statistically significant in the final model, such that unmated beetles flew further than mated beetles at low density, but the opposite at high density (c2=6.13, p=0.013; Fig. 4C). The range main effect was also close to statistical significance, indicating edge beetles tended to fly further than core beetles (core distance=59.6 m, SE=10.01; edge distance=69.5, SE=11.45; c2=2.998, p=0.083).
Average flight speed ranged from 0.138 m/s to 0.914 m/s, and did not differ by range, density, mate status or their interactions (Fig. S2C).