Incidence
On the basis of the New England Regional Infant Cardiac Program, those
with isomeric atrial appendages can be inferred to account for just
under one-twentieth of all infants with congenital cardiac
malformations.26 The reported incidence in necropsy
studies is around 3%, but no more than 1.5% in echocardiographic
investigations.7,9-13,27 Isomerism is said to occur in
approximately one out of every 5000-7000 live births with patients of
Asian descent.9-13,27 Right isomerism is more
frequently reported in necropsy studies compared to surgical series,
reflecting the complexity of the cardiac anomalies, poor natural
outcome, inoperability, and increased risk of
sepsis.7,9-13,27