Transcatheter approaches, or surgical ligation of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries
Collateral channels have been managed either by embolization or by surgical ligation. Transcatheter angioplasty and insertion of expandable stents have been employed for enlargement of stenotic anomalous pulmonary veins, pulmonary arterial stenosis, and stenosed venous circuits following cardiac transplantation.15-18,20,22,25