Completion of the Fontan circulation
In those deteriorating after a previous Glenn procedure as part of staged palliation, or after the Kawashima repair with development of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, the hepatic venous return has been redirected using either an extracardiac polytetrafluoroethylene conduit, or a partly intracardiac fenestrated conduit (Figures 8 and 9).43-47,64 Other investigators have created brachial arteriovenous fistulas for treatment of the pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.8,9,43-47