Transcatheter approaches, or surgical ligation of major
aortopulmonary collateral arteries
Collateral channels have been managed either by embolization or by
surgical ligation. Transcatheter angioplasty and insertion of expandable
stents have been employed for enlargement of stenotic anomalous
pulmonary veins, pulmonary arterial stenosis, and stenosed venous
circuits following cardiac
transplantation.15-18,20,22,25