Abraham, K., Appel, K. E., Berger-Preiss, Apel, E., Gerling, S., Mielke, H., Creutzenberg, O. & Lampen, A. (2013). Relative oral bioavailability of 3-MCPD from 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in rats. Arch Toxicol 87: 694-659. Abraham, K. Hielscher, J., Kuhlmann, J. & Monien, B. H. (2021). Urinary Excretion of 2/3-Monochloropropanediol (2/3-MCPD) and 2,3-Dihydroxypropylmercapturic Acid (DHPMA) after a Single High dose of Fatty Acid Esters of 2/3-MCPD and Glycidol: A Controlled Exposure Study in Humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 65 : 200735. Appel, K. E., Abraham, K., Berger-Preiss, E., Hansen, T., Apel, E., Schuchardt, S. Vogt, C. Bakhiya, N., Creutzenberg, O. & Lampen, A. (2013). Relative oral bioavailability of glycidol from glycidyl fatty acid esters in rats. Arch Toxicol 87: 1649–1659 AOCS Official Method Cd 29a-13. 2-and 3-MCPD Fatty Acid Esters and Glycidol Fatty Acid Esters in Edible Oils and Fats by Acid Transesterification and GC/MS. Revised 2017
AOCS Official Method Cd 29b-13. 2-and 3-MCPD Fatty Acid Esters and Glycidol Fatty Acid Esters in Edible Oils and Fats by Alkaline Transesterification and GC/MS. Revised 2017
AOCS Official Method Cd 29c-13. 2-and 3-MCPD Fatty Acid Esters and Glycidol Fatty Acid Esters in Edible Oils and Fats by GC/MS (Difference Method). Revised 2017
DGF (Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Fettwissenschaft) (2011). DGF Standard Method C-VI 18 (10) Fatty-acid-bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 2,3-epoxipropane-1-ol (glycidol). Determination in oils and fats by GC/MS (Differential measurement). Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten, Tensiden und verwandten Stoffen. EFSA CONTAM Panel (EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain) (2016): Risks for human health related to the presence of 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. EFSA Journal 14(5): 4426.
EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food) (2017-a). Scientific opinion: re-evaluation of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E 471) as food additives. EFSA Journal 15(11): 5045.
EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food) (2017-b). Scientific opinion: re-evaluation of polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 15(12), 5089.
EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food) (2017-c). Scientific opinion: re-evaluation of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (E 476) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 15(3): 4743.
EFSA (2018). Call for technical and toxicological data on mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids (E 471) for uses as a food additive in foods for all population groups including infants below 16 weeks of age. Available at: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultations/call/call-technical-and-toxicological-data-mono-and-di-glycerides-fatty
EC (2018-a). Call for technical data on the permitted food additive polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475). Available at: fs_food-improvementagents_reeval_call_20181123_e475_data.pdf (europa.eu)
EC (2018-b). Call for technical data on the permitted food additive polyglycerol polyricinoleate (E 476). Available at: fs_food-improvement-agents_reeval_call_20181123_e476_data.pdf (europa.eu)
EU (2010). Commission Regulation (EU) No 257/2010 of 25 March 2010 setting up a programme for the re-evaluation of approved food additives in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on food additives. OJEU, L8: 19–27
EU (2020). COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2020/1322 of 23 September 2020 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of 3‐monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD), 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters in certain foods. OJEU, L310.
Hamlet, C. G., Sadd, P. A., Crews, C., Velisek, J. & Baxter, D. E. (2002). Occurrence of 3-chloro-propane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and related compounds in foods: a review. Food Addit Contam 19(7): 619-631. Horwitz, W. & Albert, R. (2006). The Horwitz ratio (HorRat): A useful index of method performance with respect to precision. J AOAC Int 89(4): 1095–1109. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2000). IARC Monographs, 77: 469-486. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012). IARC Monographs, 110: 349-374. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (1994). ISO 5725-2: 1994. Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results – Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2015). ISO 18363-1:2015. Determination of fatty-acid-bound chloropropanediols (MCPDs) and glycidol by GC/MS; Part 1: Method using fast alkaline transesterification and measurement for 3-MCPD and differential measurement for glycidol. In: ISO Standards Catalogue. Geneva, Switzerland.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2018). ISO 18363-2:2018. Determination of fatty-acid-bound chloropropanediols (MCPDs) and glycidol by GC/MS; Part 2: Method using slow alkaline transesterification and measurement for 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD and glycidol. In: ISO Standards Catalogue. Geneva, Switzerland.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2017). ISO 18363-3:2017. Determination of fatty-acid-bound chloropropanediols (MCPDs) and glycidol by GC/MS; Part 3: Method using acid transesterification and measurement for 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD and glycidol. In: ISO Standards Catalogue. Geneva, Switzerland. Kuhlmann, J. (2011). Determination of bound 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol (glycidol) and bound monochloropropanediol (MCPD) in refined oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 113: 335-344.
Weisshaar, R., Perz, R. (2010). Fatty acid esters of glycidol in refined fats and oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 112: 158-165. Zelinkova, Z., Svejkovska B., Velisek J. & Dolezal M. (2006). Fatty esters of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in edible oils. Food Addit Contam 23(12): 1290-1298.
Zelinkova, Z., Giri, A. & Wenzl, T. (2017). Assessment of critical steps of a GC/MS based indirect analytical method for the determination of fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediols (MCPDEs) and of glycidol (GEs). Food Control 77: 65–75.

Abraham, K., Appel, K. E., Berger-Preiss, Apel, E., Gerling, S., Mielke, H., Creutzenberg, O. & Lampen, A. (2013). Relative oral bioavailability of 3-MCPD from 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in rats. Arch Toxicol 87: 694-659.

Abraham, K. Hielscher, J., Kuhlmann, J. & Monien, B. H. (2021). Urinary Excretion of 2/3-Monochloropropanediol (2/3-MCPD) and 2,3-Dihydroxypropylmercapturic Acid (DHPMA) after a Single High dose of Fatty Acid Esters of 2/3-MCPD and Glycidol: A Controlled Exposure Study in Humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 65 : 200735.

Appel, K. E., Abraham, K., Berger-Preiss, E., Hansen, T., Apel, E., Schuchardt, S. Vogt, C. Bakhiya, N., Creutzenberg, O. & Lampen, A. (2013). Relative oral bioavailability of glycidol from glycidyl fatty acid esters in rats. Arch Toxicol 87: 1649–1659

AOCS Official Method Cd 29a-13. 2-and 3-MCPD Fatty Acid Esters and Glycidol Fatty Acid Esters in Edible Oils and Fats by Acid Transesterification and GC/MS. Revised 2017

AOCS Official Method Cd 29b-13. 2-and 3-MCPD Fatty Acid Esters and Glycidol Fatty Acid Esters in Edible Oils and Fats by Alkaline Transesterification and GC/MS. Revised 2017

AOCS Official Method Cd 29c-13. 2-and 3-MCPD Fatty Acid Esters and Glycidol Fatty Acid Esters in Edible Oils and Fats by GC/MS (Difference Method). Revised 2017

DGF (Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Fettwissenschaft) (2011). DGF Standard Method C-VI 18 (10) Fatty-acid-bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 2,3-epoxipropane-1-ol (glycidol). Determination in oils and fats by GC/MS (Differential measurement). Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten, Tensiden und verwandten Stoffen.

EFSA CONTAM Panel (EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain) (2016): Risks for human health related to the presence of 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. EFSA Journal 14(5): 4426.

EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food) (2017-a). Scientific opinion: re-evaluation of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E 471) as food additives. EFSA Journal 15(11): 5045.

EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food) (2017-b). Scientific opinion: re-evaluation of polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 15(12), 5089.

EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food) (2017-c). Scientific opinion: re-evaluation of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (E 476) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 15(3): 4743.

EFSA (2018). Call for technical and toxicological data on mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids (E 471) for uses as a food additive in foods for all population groups including infants below 16 weeks of age. Available at: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultations/call/call-technical-and-toxicological-data-mono-and-di-glycerides-fatty

EC (2018-a). Call for technical data on the permitted food additive polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475). Available at: fs_food-improvementagents_reeval_call_20181123_e475_data.pdf (europa.eu)

EC (2018-b). Call for technical data on the permitted food additive polyglycerol polyricinoleate (E 476). Available at: fs_food-improvement-agents_reeval_call_20181123_e476_data.pdf (europa.eu)

EU (2010). Commission Regulation (EU) No 257/2010 of 25 March 2010 setting up a programme for the re-evaluation of approved food additives in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on food additives. OJEU, L8: 19–27

EU (2020). COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2020/1322 of 23 September 2020 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of 3‐monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD), 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters in certain foods. OJEU, L310.

Hamlet, C. G., Sadd, P. A., Crews, C., Velisek, J. & Baxter, D. E. (2002). Occurrence of 3-chloro-propane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and related compounds in foods: a review. Food Addit Contam 19(7): 619-631. Horwitz, W. & Albert, R. (2006). The Horwitz ratio (HorRat): A useful index of method performance with respect to precision. J AOAC Int 89(4): 1095–1109. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2000). IARC Monographs, 77: 469-486. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012). IARC Monographs, 110: 349-374. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (1994). ISO 5725-2: 1994. Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results – Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2015). ISO 18363-1:2015. Determination of fatty-acid-bound chloropropanediols (MCPDs) and glycidol by GC/MS; Part 1: Method using fast alkaline transesterification and measurement for 3-MCPD and differential measurement for glycidol. In: ISO Standards Catalogue. Geneva, Switzerland.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2018). ISO 18363-2:2018. Determination of fatty-acid-bound chloropropanediols (MCPDs) and glycidol by GC/MS; Part 2: Method using slow alkaline transesterification and measurement for 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD and glycidol. In: ISO Standards Catalogue. Geneva, Switzerland.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2017). ISO 18363-3:2017. Determination of fatty-acid-bound chloropropanediols (MCPDs) and glycidol by GC/MS; Part 3: Method using acid transesterification and measurement for 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD and glycidol. In: ISO Standards Catalogue. Geneva, Switzerland. Kuhlmann, J. (2011). Determination of bound 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol (glycidol) and bound monochloropropanediol (MCPD) in refined oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 113: 335-344.

Weisshaar, R., Perz, R. (2010). Fatty acid esters of glycidol in refined fats and oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 112: 158-165. Zelinkova, Z., Svejkovska B., Velisek J. & Dolezal M. (2006). Fatty esters of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in edible oils. Food Addit Contam 23(12): 1290-1298.

Zelinkova, Z., Giri, A. & Wenzl, T. (2017). Assessment of critical steps of a GC/MS based indirect analytical method for the determination of fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediols (MCPDEs) and of glycidol (GEs). Food Control 77: 65–75.