Risk of recurrent adverse delivery outcomes
The risk of ADO in the subsequent pregnancy was greatly increased in those women who had ADO in their index pregnancies, with a 3-fold risk of instrumental delivery in those women who required it in their index pregnancy, and a 2.2-fold risk of emergency Caesarean section compared to women who did not. Similarly, women who had early GDM, requirement for medication, or preterm birth in their index pregnancies were at much higher risk of developing the same outcomes in their subsequent pregnancy (Table 2).