Tolerance mechanism: |
Membrane transport |
Rhizosphere
microbial communities |
Root architecture |
Chelation/ Conjugation |
Comments |
Reference: |
Lu et al., 2019 |
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Overexpression of rice
HMA3 promotes Cd sequestration in root vacuoles and hence reduces
grain Cd. Given the strong 35S promoter that was used, it is remarkable
that HMA3 overexpression did not affect grain yield and/or
essential micronutrients such as Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn, which can all be
substrates for HMA3. |
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Tang et al., 2017 |
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Gene editing approach to knock out rice
NRAMP5. Reduced Cd in roots, shoots and grain. The mutation also
affects the micronutrient Mn but not other metals such as Fe, Zn or Cu.
Nor did the loss of function lead to yield penalties. |
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Chang et al., 2020 |
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Overexpression of NRAMP5 in rice, as
expected, increases Cd uptake but, counterintuitively, greatly reduced
grain Cd content. The latter may be caused by the use of strong
promoters that disrupt the normal expression patterns. |
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Ma et al., 2008 |
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Loss of function in Lsi1 and
Lsi2 reduces rice arsenic uptake and translocation. These
mutations also negatively impact on Si uptake and hence are detrimental
to rice growth and yield. |
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Nong et al., 2020 |
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Soil amended with a mixture of bacteria
showed decreased levels of bioavailable Cd and Pb in soil and reduced
Cd, Pb and As in grain of brown rice but had no positive impact on plant
growth. |
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Hui et al., 2015 |
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Colonisation of tobacco roots by the
endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica increases root storage of
Cd and improves tolerance. The mechanism appears to be based on an
enhanced antioxidant response. |
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Gao et al., 2010 |
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Three year field trial showing that
inoculation of wheat by micorrhizal fungi did not alter growth or grain
Cd content. Grain Cd was generally low and negatively correlated to
Zn. |
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Wu et al., 2011 |
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Rice plants with high porosity (i.e. high
proportion of aerenchyma) accumulate less As in grains. No data given
about plant tolerance and/or growth. |