Molecular analysis
We sorted sand flies from each site into pools of 50 individuals (with the final pool for each site containing more or fewer than 50 individuals ranging from 31 to 68 individuals) using sterilized petri dishes and forceps, and then transferred each pool into sterile 1.7 ml tubes where sandflies were macerated in lysis buffer using bead beaters. We then extracted DNA from the pooled sandfly samples with the Qiagen Blood and Tissue Kit with slight modifications. Briefly, 200 ul of Buffer ATL and 20 ul of Proteinase K were added to the sample in a 1.7 ml Eppendorf tube and the sample incubated for 3-5 hours at 56°C. Post-incubation, samples were vortexed for 10 min and then purified through washing. The DNA was eluted in a final volume of 100 ul.