Study Participants
Patients who underwent CAB using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at the Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) from January 2017 to July 2018 and underwent a TEE exam to assess diastolic function were eligible for inclusion. Individuals were excluded for any of the following: left ventricular ejection fraction <50%; preoperative electrical pacing, inotropic support, or mechanical ventricular support. Institutional approval by the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutional Review Board was received, and requirement for written informed consent was waived.