References
- Baker, J. K., & Myers, C.W. (1991). One-dimensional and
two-dimensional 1H- and13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of
vitamin E raw materials or analytical reference standards.Pharmaceutical Research , 8 :763–770.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015810303089
- Birringer, M., Siems, K., Maxones, A., Frank, J., & Lorkowski, S.
(2018). Natural 6-hydroxy-chromanols and -chromenols: structural
diversity, biosynthetic pathways and health implications. RSC
Advances , 8 :4803–4841. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA11819H
- Butinar, B., Bučar-Miklavčič, M., Mariani, C., & Raspor, P. (2011).
New vitamin E isomers (gamma-tocomonoenol and alpha-tocomonoenol) in
seeds, roasted seeds and roasted seed oil from the Slovenian pumpkin
variety ‘Slovenska golica ’. Food Chemistry,128 :505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.072
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE), Österreichische
Gesellschaft für Ernährung (ÖGE), Schweizerische Gesellschaft für
Ernährung (SGE). (2018). D-A-CH-Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr
(2nd ed., 4th updated version). Bonn, Germany. Retrieved from
https://www.dge.de/wissenschaft/referenzwerte/vitamin-e/?L=0
- Englert, M., Brown L., & Vetter, W. (2015). Heart-cut two-dimensional
countercurrent chromatography with a single instrument.Analytical Chemistry , 87 :10172–10177.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02859
- Fiorentino, A., Mastellone, C., D’Abrosca, B., Pacifico, S.,
Scognamiglio, M., Cefarelli, G., Caputo, R., & Monaco, P. (2009).
δ-Tocomonoenol. A new vitamin E from kiwi (Actinidia chinensis )
fruits. Food Chemistry , 115 :187–192.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.094
- Fruhwirth, G., & Hermetter, A. (2008). Production technology and
characteristics of Styrian pumpkin seed oil. European Journal of
Lipid Science and Technology , 110 :637–644.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200700257
- Gee, P. T., Liew, C. Y., Thong, M. C., & Gay, M. C. L. (2016).
Vitamin E analysis by ultra-performance convergence chromatography and
structural elucidation of novel α-tocodienol by high-resolution mass
spectrometry. Food Chemistry , 196 :367–373.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.073
- Goad, J. L., & Akihisa, T. (1997). Analysis of sterols (1st ed.).
London, UK:Blackie Academic & Professional.
- Goh, S. H., Hew, N. F., Norhanom, A. W., & Yadav, M. (1994).
Inhibition of tumour promotion by various palm-oil tocotrienols.International Journal of Cancer , 57 :529–531.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910570415
- Hammann, S., Englert, M., Müller, M., & Vetter, W. (2015).
Accelerated separation of GC-amenable lipid classes in plant oils by
countercurrent chromatography in the co-current mode.Analytical and
Bioanalytical Chemistry , 407 :9019–9028.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-9068-5
- Hammann, S., Korf, A., Bull, I. D., Hayen, H., & Cramp, L. J. E.
(2019). Lipid profiling and analytical discrimination of seven cereals
using high temperature gas chromatography coupled to high resolution
quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry ,282 :27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.109
- Hammann, S., Kröpfl, A., & Vetter, W. (2016). More than 170
polyunsaturated tocopherol-related compounds in a vitamin E capsule:
countercurrent chromatographic enrichment, gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry analysis and preliminary identification of the potential
artefacts. Journal of Chromatography A , 1476 :77–87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.018
- Hammann, S., Tillmann, U., Schröder, M., & Vetter, W. (2013).
Profiling the fatty acids from a strain of the microalgaeAlexandrium tamarense by means of high-speed counter-current
chromatographyand gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.Journal of Chromatography A , 1312 :93-103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.090
- Hammann, S., Wendlinger, C., & Vetter, W. (2015). Analysis of intact
cholesteryl esters of furan fatty acids in cod liver. Lipids ,50 :611–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-015-4019-7
- Irías-Mata, A., Sus, N., Hug, M.-L., Müller, M., Vetter, W., & Frank,
J. (2020). α-Tocomonoenol is bioavailable in mice and may partly be
regulated by the function of the hepatic α-tocopherol transfer
protein. Molecules , 25 :4803.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204803
- IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. Nomenclature
of tocopherols and related compounds. (1982). Pure and Applied
Chemistry , 54:1507–1510.
- Kamal-Eldin, A., & Appelqvist, L-Å. (1996). The chemistry and
antioxidant properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Lipids ,31 :671–701.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02522884
- Kruk, J., Pisarski, A., & Szymańska, R. (2011). Novel vitamin E forms
in leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Phaseolus
coccineus . Journal of Plant Physiology ,168 :2021–2027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2011.06.015
- Lee, H., Finckbeiner, S., Yu, J. S., Wiemer, D. F., Eisner, T., &
Attygalle, A. B. (2007). Characterization of (E,E)-farnesol and its
fatty acid esters from anal scent glands of nutria (Myocastor
coypus ) by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas
chromatography–infrared spectrometry.Journal of Chromatography
A , 1165 :136–143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.041
- Mariani, C., & Bellan, G. (1996). Content of tocopherols,
deidrotocopherols, tocodienols, tocotrienols in vegetable oils.Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse , 73 :533–543.
- Matsumoto, A., Takahashi, S., Nakano, K., & Kijima, S. (1995).
Identification of new vitamin E in plant oil. Journal of Oleo
Science , 44 :593–597.
- Merza, J., Aumond, M.-C., Rondeau, D., Dumontet, V., Le Ray, A.-M.,
Se´raphin, D., & Richomme, P. (2004). Prenylated xanthones and
tocotrienols from Garcinia virgata . Phytochemistry ,65 :2915–2920.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.06.037
- Miyazawa, T., Tszuzuki, T., Nakagawa, K., & Igarashi, M. (2004).
Antiangiogenic potency of vitamin E. Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences, 1031 : 401–404.
https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1331.057
- Müller, M., Hammann, S., & Vetter, W. (2018). Countercurrent
chromatographic isolation and purification of 11′-α-tocomonoenol from
the vitamin E extract of palm oil. Food Chemistry ,256 :327–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.133
- Müller, M., Kröpfl, A., & Vetter, W. (2020). Identification of two
α-tocodienol isomers in palm oil after countercurrent chromatographic
enrichment. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemist ,412 :795–802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-019-02303-1
- Müller, M., Muric, M., Glanz, L., & Vetter, W. (2019). Improving the
resolution of overlapping peaks by heartcut two-dimensional
countercurrent chromatography with the same solvent system in both
dimensions. Journal of Chromatography A ,1596 :142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.012
- Ng, M. H., Choo, Y. M., Ma, A. N., Chuah, C. H., & Hashim, M. A.
(2004). Separation of vitamin E (tocopherol, tocotrienol, and
tocomonoenol) in palm oil. Lipids , 39 :1031–1035.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-004-1327-y
- Ohnmacht, S., West, R., Simionescu, R., & Atkinson, J. (2008).
Assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR
of tocotrienols. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry ,46 :287–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrc.2176
- Prasad, K. (2011). Tocotrienols and cardiovascular health.Current Pharmaceutical Design , 17 :2147–2154.
https://doi.org/10.2174/138161211796957418
- Puah, W. C., Choo, M. Y., Ma, N. A., & Chuah, H. C. (2007). The
effect of physical refining on palm vitamin E (tocopherol, tocotrienol
and tocomonoenol). American Journal of Applied Sciences ,4 :374-377.
- Saremi, A., & Arora, R. (2010). Vitamin E and cardiovascular disease.American Journal of Therapeutics , 17 :56–65.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0b013e31819cdc9a
- Schröder, M., & Vetter, W. (2012). Investigation of unsaponifiable
matter of plant oils and isolation of eight phytosterols by means of
high-speed counter-current chromatography. Journal of
Chromatography A , 1237 :96-105.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.033
- Sen, C.K., Khanna, S., & Roy, S. (2006). Tocotrienols: vitamin E
beyond tocopherols. Life Sciences , 78 :2088–2098.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.001
- Van Hoed, V., Depaemelaere, D., Ayala, J. V., Santiwattana, P., Verhé,
R., & DeGreyt, W. (2006). Influence of chemical refining on the major
and minor components of rice brain oil. Journal of the American
Oil Chemists’ Society , 83 :315–321.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-006-1206-y
- Vetter, W., Müller, M., Sommer, K., Schröder, M., & Hammann, S.
(2019). Development of equivalent chain length (ECL) rules for lipid
compounds. Journal of Chromatography A , 1599 :187–95.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.042
- Vetter, W., Schröder, M., & Lehnert, K. (2012). Differentiation of
refined and virgin edible oils by means of the trans - andcis -phytol isomer distribution. Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry , 60:6103−6107. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf301373k
- Yamamoto, Y., Maita, N., Fujisawa, A., Takashima, J., Ishii, Y., &
Dunlap, W. C. A. (1999). New vitamin E (α-tocomonoenol) from eggs of
the Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus keta . Journal of Natural
Products , 62 :1685–1687. https://doi.org/10.1021/np990230v