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\begin{document}

\title{The role of niche complementarity in the strengthening of the
diversity-ecosystem functioning relationship over time}



\author[1]{Angelos Amyntas}%
\author[1]{Emilio Berti}%
\author[1]{Benoit Gauzens}%
\author[1]{Georg Albert}%
\author[2]{Wentao Yu}%
\author[1]{Alexandra Werner}%
\author[3]{Nico Eisenhauer}%
\author[4]{Ulrich Brose}%
\affil[1]{iDiv}%
\affil[2]{Friedrich Schiller University Jena}%
\affil[3]{University of Leipzig}%
\affil[4]{German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Lepizig}%


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  \date{June 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
1.~~~~ Species-rich communities exhibit higher levels of ecosystem
functioning compared to species-poor ones, and this positive
relationship strengthens over time. One proposed explanation for this
phenomenon is the reduction of niche overlap among plants or animals,
which corresponds to increased complementarity and reduced competition.
{}

2.~~~~ In order to examine the potential of increased complementarity
among plants or animals to strengthen the relationship between diversity
and ecosystem functions, we integrated models of bio-energetic
population dynamics and food-web assembly. Through the simulation of
various scenarios of plant and animal complementarity change, we sought
to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed increases in (1)
primary productivity, (2) control of herbivores by predators, and (3)
reduction of herbivore pressure on plants in species-rich communities.

3.~~~~ Our findings reveal that increased niche complementarity of
plants can steepen the diversity-function relationships if it does not
increase their intraspecific competition, while increasing
complementarity among animals during community assembly can also have a
positive effect but with considerable variability. {}

4.~~~~ The study highlights the importance of trait variation both among
and within species, and the interplay between intra- and interspecific
competition strength in shaping the functioning of ecosystems over time.
These results offer insights into the mechanisms underpinning the
diversity-functioning relationship, and have practical implications for
ecosystem management and conservation efforts.%
\end{abstract}%



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