Study population
For this study, we used data from 2 ongoing prospective cohorts among pregnant women in The Netherlands. The PRegnancy and Infant DEvelopment (PRIDE) Study aims to identify factors that affect maternal and child health during or after pregnancy.14,15 The Dutch Pregnancy Drug Register is a national registry for medication use during pregnancy and lactation at the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb aiming to provide information on the safety of medication use and modelled after the PRIDE Study.16 For both cohorts, women aged ≥18 years were invited for participation as early in pregnancy as possible by participating midwives and gynaecologists, as well as through the ‘Moeders voor Moeders’ initiative and online advertisements in the PRIDE Study. In the Netherlands, the data collection for the International Registry of Antiepileptic Drugs and Pregnancy EURAP17 is embedded in The Dutch Pregnancy Drug Register, so women with epilepsy were oversampled. In both cohorts, participating women were asked to complete Web-based questionnaires at baseline, in gestational weeks 17 and 34, and at multiple time points postpartum, starting 2 months after the estimated date of delivery. Through these questionnaires, we gathered data on demographic characteristics, obstetric history, maternal health including medication use, lifestyle factors, pregnancy complications, and infant health. Furthermore, PRIDE Study participants were asked consent for obtaining records from prenatal care providers. The Regional Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects approved the set-up of both cohorts. All participants provided informed consent digitally.