Conclusions
Most AF patients had only minimum to mild LVAs using the HDG regardless
of an enlarged LAD and LA volume. However, the minimum to mild LVAs were
significantly greater in the patients with recurrent AF/AT than in those
without. The HDG might drastically exclude false LVAs, which would help
detect the AF substrate more accurately. Furthermore, high-DFs sites
overlapping with LVAs detected by the HDG might be more selective
targets after the PVI in non-paroxysmal AF patients.