Physical activity
The Barthel index and walking ability were assessed before surgery and at discharge in the patients with ATAAD. The Barthel index is a widely used instrument that assesses activities of daily living.11 The Barthel index score ranges from 0 (completely dependent) to 100 (totally independent), which mean that lower scores reflect greater nursing dependence.12Walking ability was assessed in terms of the patients being able to walk without any aid; with assistive devices, such as a walker and crutches; needed a wheelchair; or were bedridden with all assistance. Postoperative walking difficulty was defined as patients who needed more than 30 days to be able to walk a distance of 200 m after surgery or were unable to walk at discharge.