CONCLUSİON
Despite these limitations, we conclude that the regular consumption of
hookah alone or together with cigarette prolongs the healing time and
increases the frequency of septal perforation after septoplasty.
However, the fact that the frequency of septal perforation in cigarette
smokers alone was not statistically significant in our series indicates
that hookah smoking may have more deleterious effects on the upper
respiratory system than cigarette smoking.