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\begin{document}

\title{An improved practical approach for estimating catchment-scale response
functions through wavelet analysis}



\author[1]{Ravindra Dwivedi}%
\author[2]{Chris Eastoe}%
\author[3]{John Knowles}%
\author[4]{Lejon Hamann}%
\author[5]{Thomas Meixner}%
\author[5]{P. “Ty” Ferré}%
\author[1]{C. Castro}%
\author[1]{W. Wright}%
\author[6]{Guo-Yue Niu}%
\author[5]{Rebecca Minor}%
\author[1]{Greg Barron-Gafford}%
\author[1]{N. Abramson}%
\author[2]{B. Mitra}%
\author[7]{Shirley Papuga}%
\author[8]{M. Stanley}%
\author[5]{Jon Chorover}%
\affil[1]{The University of Arizona}%
\affil[2]{University of Arizona}%
\affil[3]{USDA-ARS}%
\affil[4]{United States Geological Survey}%
\affil[5]{University of Arizona Tucson}%
\affil[6]{University of Arizona Department of Hydrology and Water Resources}%
\affil[7]{Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences}%
\affil[8]{Mt. Lemmon Water District}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 18, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Catchment-scale response functions, such as transit time distribution
(TTD) and evapotranspiration time distribution (ETTD), are considered
fundamental descriptors of a catchment's hydrologic and ecohydrologic
responses to spatially and temporally varying precipitation inputs. Yet,
estimating these functions is challenging, especially in headwater
catchments where data collection is complicated by rugged terrain, or in
semi-arid or sub-humid areas where precipitation is infrequent. Hence,
we developed practical approaches for estimating both TTD and ETTD from
commonly available tracer flux data in hydrologic inflows and outflows
without requiring continuous observations. Using the weighted wavelet
spectral analysis method of Kirchner and Neal {[}2013{]} for \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}18O in
precipitation and stream water, we specifically calculated TTDs that
contribute to streamflow via spatially and temporally variable flow
paths in a sub-humid mountain headwater catchment in Arizona, USA. Our
results indicate that composite TTDs most accurately represented this
system for periods up to approximately one month and that a Gamma TTD
was most appropriate thereafter. The TTD results also suggested that
some contribution of subsurface water was beyond the applicable tracer
range. For ETTD and using \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}18O as a tracer in precipitation and xylem
waters, a Gamma ETTD type best matched the observations, and stable
water isotopes were capable tracers for the majority of vegetation
source waters. This study contributes to a better understanding of a
fundamental question in mountain catchment hydrology; namely, how tracer
input fluxes are modulated by spatially and temporally varying
subsurface flow paths that support evapotranspiration and streamflow at
multiple time scales.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Table 1.xlsx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/371833/articles/490041-an-improved-practical-approach-for-estimating-catchment-scale-response-functions-through-wavelet-analysis}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Table 2.xlsx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/371833/articles/490041-an-improved-practical-approach-for-estimating-catchment-scale-response-functions-through-wavelet-analysis}

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