References
Ancochea, E., Maria, J., Ibarrola, E., Cendrero, A., & Coello, J. (1990). Volcanic evolution of the island of Tenerife ( Canary Islands ) in the light of new K-Ar data CANARY, 44 (1771).
Andersen, J. C., Oboyski, P., Davies, N., Charlat, S., Ewing, C., Meyer, C., … Roderick, G. K. (2019). Categorization of species as native or nonnative using DNA sequence signatures without a complete reference library. Ecological Applications , 29 (5), 1–11. doi:10.1002/eap.1914
Andújar, C., Creedy, T. J., Arribas, P., López, H., Salces-Castellano, A., Pérez-Delgado, A. J., … Emerson, B. C. (2021). Validated removal of nuclear pseudogenes and sequencing artefacts from mitochondrial metabarcode data. Molecular Ecology Resources ,21 (6), 1772–1787. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13337
Andújar, C., Pérez-González, S., Arribas, P., Zaballos, J. P., Vogler, A. P., & Ribera, I. (2017). Speciation below ground: Tempo and mode of diversification in a radiation of endogean ground beetles.Molecular Ecology , 26 (21), 6053–6070. doi:10.1111/mec.14358
Arribas, P., Andújar, C., Bidartondo, M. I., Bohmann, K., Coissac, É., Creer, S., … Emerson, B. C. (2021). Connecting high-throughput biodiversity inventories: Opportunities for a site-based genomic framework for global integration and synthesis. Molecular Ecology . doi:10.1111/mec.15797
Arribas, P., Andújar, C., Hopkins, K., Shepherd, M., & Vogler, A. P. (2016). Metabarcoding and mitochondrial metagenomics of endogean arthropods to unveil the mesofauna of the soil. Methods in Ecology and Evolution , 7 (9), 1071–1081. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12557
Arribas, P., Andújar, C., Salces-Castellano, A., Emerson, B. C., & Vogler, A. P. (2021). The limited spatial scale of dispersal in soil arthropods revealed with whole-community haplotype-level metabarcoding.Molecular Ecology , 30 (1), 48–61. doi:10.1111/mec.15591
Babraham Institute. (2013). FastQC: A quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc. Retrieved from www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc
Bardgett, R. D., & van der Putten, W. H. (2014). Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Nature , 515 (7528), 505–511. doi:10.1038/nature13855
Baselga, A., Fujisawa, T., Crampton-Platt, A., Bergsten, J., Foster, P. G., Monaghan, M. T., & Vogler, A. P. (2013). Whole-community DNA barcoding reveals a spatio-temporal continuum of biodiversity at species and genetic levels. Nature Communications , 4 (May), 1892, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2881. doi:10.1038/ncomms2881
Baselga, A., Gómez-Rodríguez, C., & Vogler, A. P. (2015). Multi-hierarchical macroecology at species and genetic levels to discern neutral and non-neutral processes. Global Ecology and Biogeography , 24 (8), 873–882. doi:10.1111/geb.12322
Baselga, A., & Orme, C. D. L. (2012). betapart: an R package for the study of beta diversity. Methods in Ecology and Evolution ,3 (5), 808–812. doi:10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00224.x
Bolger, A. M., Lohse, M., & Usadel, B. (2014). Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics ,30 (15), 2114–2120. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170
Callahan, B. J., McMurdie, P. J., Rosen, M. J., Han, A. W., Johnson, A. J. A., & Holmes, S. P. (2016). DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nature Methods , 13 (7), 581–583. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3869
Cameron, E. K., Martins, I. S., Lavelle, P., Mathieu, J., Tedersoo, L., Gottschall, F., … Eisenhauer, N. (2018). Global gaps in soil biodiversity data. Nature Ecology and Evolution , 2 (7), 1042–1043. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0573-8
Cardoso, P., Erwin, T. L., Borges, P. A. V., & New, T. R. (2011). The seven impediments in invertebrate conservation and how to overcome them.Biological Conservation , 144 (11), 2647–2655. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.07.024
Carracedo, J. C., Guillou, H., Paterne, M., Scaillet, S., Rodríguez Badiola, E., Paris, R., … Hansen Machín, A. (2004). Analisis del riesgo volcanico asociado al flujo de lavas en Tenerife (Islas Canarias): Escenarios previsibles para una futura erupcion en la isla.Estudios Geologicos .
Caruso, T., Taormina, M., & Migliorini, M. (2012). Relative role of deterministic and stochastic determinants of soil animal community: a spatially explicit analysis of oribatid mites. The Journal of Animal Ecology , 81 (1), 214–21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01886.x
Cicconardi, F, Nardi, F., Emerson, B. C., Frati, F., & Fanciulli, P. P. (2010). Deep phylogeographic divisions and long-term persistence of forest invertebrates (Hexapoda: Collembola) in the North-Western Mediterranean basin. Molecular Ecology , 19 (2), 386–400. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04457.x
Cicconardi, Francesco, Borges, P. A. V., Strasberg, D., Oromí, P., López, H., Pérez-Delgado, A. J., … Emerson, B. C. (2017). MtDNA metagenomics reveals large-scale invasion of belowground arthropod communities by introduced species. Molecular Ecology ,26 (12), 3104–3115. doi:10.1111/mec.14037
Cicconardi, Francesco, Fanciulli, P. P., & Emerson, B. C. (2013). Collembola, the biological species concept and the underestimation of global species richness. Molecular Ecology , 22 (21), 5382–5396. doi:10.1111/mec.12472
Collins, G. E., Hogg, I. D., Convey, P., Barnes, A. D., & McDonald, I. R. (2019). Spatial and temporal scales matter when assessing the species and genetic diversity of springtails (Collembola) in Antarctica.Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution , 7 (MAR), 1–18. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00076
Decaëns, T. (2010). Macroecological patterns in soil communities.Global Ecology and Biogeography , 19 (3), 287–302. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00517.x
del Arco Aguilar, M. J., González-González, R., Garzón-Machado, V., & Pizarro-Hernández, B. (2010). Actual and potential natural vegetation on the Canary Islands and its conservation status. Biodiversity and Conservation , 19 (11), 3089–3140. doi:10.1007/s10531-010-9881-2
Edgar, R. C. (2013). UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. Nature Methods , 10 (10), 996–8. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2604
Emerson, B. C., & Gillespie, R. G. (2008). Phylogenetic analysis of community assembly and structure over space and time. Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 23 (11), 619–30. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.005
Ettema, C. H., & Wardle, D. a. (2002). Spatial soil ecology.Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 17 (4), 177–183. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02496-5
FAO, ITPS, GSBI, SCBD, & EC. (2020). State of knowledge of soil biodiversity – Status, challenges and potentialities. Report 2020 . Roma: FAO. doi:https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1928en
Fattorini, S. (2009). On the general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography. Journal of Biogeography , 36 (6), 1100–1110. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02083.x
Fenchel, T., & Finlay, B. J. (2004). The ubiquity of small species: Patterns of local and global diversity. BioScience , 54 (8), 777–784. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0777:TUOSSP]2.0.CO;2
Finlay, B. J. (2002). Global dispersal of free-living microbial eukaryote species. Science , 296 (5570), 1061–1063. doi:10.1126/science.1070710
Gaston, K. J. (2003). The structure and dynamics of geographic ranges . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Gillespie, R. G., Baldwin, B. G., Waters, J. M., Fraser, C. I., Nikula, R., & Roderick, G. K. (2012). Long-distance dispersal: A framework for hypothesis testing. Trends in Ecology and Evolution ,27 (1), 47–55. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.08.009
Gillespie, R. G., & Roderick, G. K. (2002). Arthropods on islands: Colonization, speciation, and conservation. Annual Review of Entomology , 47 (February), 595–632. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145244
Gillespie, R. G., Roderick, G. K., & Howarth, F. G. (2001). Adaptive Radiation. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity: Second Edition ,1 (ii), 21–36. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00002-2
Gómez-Rodríguez, C., & Baselga, A. (2018). Variation among European beetle taxa in patterns of distance decay of similarity suggests a major role of dispersal processes. Ecography , 41 (11), 1825–1834. doi:10.1111/ecog.03693
Goslee, S. C., & Urban, D. L. (2007). The ecodist package for dissimilarity-based analysis of ecological data. Journal of Statistical Software , 22 (7), 1–19. doi:10.18637/jss.v022.i07
Hartop, E., Srivathsan, A., Ronquist, F., & Meier, R. (2021). Large-scale Integrative Taxonomy ( LIT ): resolving the data conundrum for dark taxa.Https://Www.Biorxiv.Org/Content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439467V2 , 1–34.
Hortal, J., De Bello, F., Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., Lewinsohn, T. M., Lobo, J. M., & Ladle, R. J. (2015). Seven Shortfalls that Beset Large-Scale Knowledge of Biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics , 46 (December), 523–549. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054400
Hubbell, S. P. (2001). The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography . The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography . Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400837526
Huson, D. H., Auch, A. F., Qi, J., & Schuster, S. C. (2007). MEGAN analysis of metagenomic data. Genome Research , 17 (3), 377–386. doi:10.1101/gr.5969107
Kier, G., Kreft, H., Tien, M. L., Jetz, W., Ibisch, P. L., Nowicki, C., … Barthlott, W. (2009). A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ,106 (23), 9322–9327. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810306106
Kisel, Y., & Barraclough, T. G. (2010). Speciation has a spatial scale that depends on levels of gene flow. The American Naturalist ,175 (3), 316–34. doi:10.1086/650369
Koh, L. P., Sodhi, N. S., Tan, H. T. W., & Peh, K. S. H. (2002). Factors affecting the distribution of vascular plants, springtails, butterflies and birds on small tropical islands. Journal of Biogeography , 29 (1), 93–108. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00657.x
Leibold, M. A., Holyoak, M., Mouquet, N., Amarasekare, P., Chase, J. M., Hoopes, M. F., … Gonzalez, A. (2004). The metacommunity concept: A framework for multi-scale community ecology. Ecology Letters ,7 (7), 601–613. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00608.x
Lim, J. Y., Patino, J., Noriyuki, S., Simmari, L. C., Gillespie, R. G., & Krehenwinkel, H. (2021). Climatic niche conservatism shapes the ecological assembly of Hawaiian arthropod communities. BioRxiv , 26.
Mac Nally, R., & Walsh, C. J. (2004). Hierarchical partitioning public-domain software. Biodiversity and Conservation ,13 (3), 659–660. doi:10.1023/B:BIOC.0000009515.11717.0b
MacArthur, R. H., & Wilson, E. O. (1963). An Equilibrium Theory of Insular Zoogeography. Evolution , 17 (4), 373–387.
MacArthur, R. H., & Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. (P. U. Press, Ed.). Princeton.
Machado, A., Rodríguez-Expósito, E., López, M., & Hernández, M. (2017). Phylogenetic analysis of the genus laparocerus, with comments on colonisation and diversification in macaronesia (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae). ZooKeys , 2017 (651), 1–77. doi:10.3897/zookeys.651.10097
Maechler, M., Rousseeuw, P., Struyf, A., Hubert, M., & Hornik, K. (2021). cluster: Cluster Analysis Basics and Extensions. R package version 2.1.2. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=cluster
Maraun, M., Schatz, H., & Scheu, S. (2007). Awesome or ordinary? Global diversity patterns of oribatid mites. Ecography , 30 (2), 209–216. doi:10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.04994.x
Morek, W., Surmacz, B., López-López, A., & Michalczyk, Ł. (2021). “Everything is not everywhere”: Time-calibrated phylogeography of the genus Milnesium (Tardigrada). Molecular Ecology , 30 (14), 3590–3609. doi:10.1111/mec.15951
Nathan, R. (2005). Long-distance dispersal research: Building a network of yellow brick roads. Diversity and Distributions , 11 (2), 125–130. doi:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00159.x
Noguerales, V., Meramveliotakis, E., Castro‐Insua, A., Andújar, C., Arribas, P., Creedy, T. J., … Papadopoulou, A. (2021). Community metabarcoding reveals the relative role of environmental filtering and spatial processes in metacommunity dynamics of soil microarthropods across a mosaic of montane forests. Molecular Ecology , (2), 1–19. doi:10.1111/mec.16275
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. Guillaume Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. R., O’Hara, R. B., Gavin, L., … Wagner. (2016). vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package, (December 2016), 0–291. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=vegan
Olesen, J. M., Eskildsen, L. I., & Venkatasamy, S. (2002). Invasion of pollination networks on oceanic islands: Importance of invader complexes and endemic super generalists. Diversity and Distributions ,8 (3), 181–192. doi:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2002.00148.x
Paradis, E. (2010). Pegas: An R package for population genetics with an integrated-modular approach. Bioinformatics , 26 (3), 419–420. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp696
Patiño, J., Whittaker, R. J., Borges, P. A. V., Fernández-Palacios, J. M., Ah-Peng, C., Araújo, M. B., … Emerson, B. C. (2017). A roadmap for island biology: 50 fundamental questions after 50 years of The Theory of Island Biogeography. Journal of Biogeography ,44 (5), 963–983. doi:10.1111/jbi.12986
Pohlert, T. (2014). The Pairwise Multiple Comparison of Mean Ranks Package (PMCMR). R package. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=PMCMR
Reaka, M. L. (1980). Geographic range, life history patterns, and body size in a guild of coral-dwelling Mantis shrimps. Evolution ,34 (5), 1019. doi:10.2307/2408010
Ribera, I., & Vogler, A. P. (2000). Habitat type as a determinant of species range sizes: The example of lotic-lentic differences in aquatic Coleoptera. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society ,71 (1), 33–52. doi:10.1006/bijl.1999.0412
Rosindell, J., Hubbell, S. P., & Etienne, R. S. (2011). The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography at Age Ten. Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 26 (7), 340–348. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.024
Salces-Castellano, A., Patiño, J., Alvarez, N., Andújar, C., Arribas, P., Braojos-Ruiz, J. J., … Emerson, B. C. (2020). Climate drives community-wide divergence within species over a limited spatial scale: evidence from an oceanic island. Ecology Letters . doi:10.1111/ele.13433
Shade, A., Dunn, R. R., Blowes, S. A., Keil, P., Bohannan, B. J. M., Herrmann, M., … Chase, J. (2018). Macroecology to Unite All Life, Large and Small. Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 33 (10), 731–744. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2018.08.005
Southwood, T. (1977). Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies?Journal of Animal Ecology , 46 (2), 336–365.
Thakur, M. P., Phillips, H. R. P., Brose, U., De Vries, F. T., Lavelle, P., Loreau, M., … Cameron, E. K. (2019). Towards an integrative understanding of soil biodiversity. Biological Reviews ,31 , brv.12567. doi:10.1111/brv.12567
Tobler, W. (1993). Three Presentations on Geographical Analysis and Modelling. National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis Technical Report , 93 (1).
Turon, X., Antich, A., Palacín, C., Præbel, K., & Wangensteen, O. S. (2019). From metabarcoding to metaphylogeography: separating the wheat from the chaff. Ecological Applications , 30 (2), e02036. doi:10.1101/629535
van Etten, J. (2017). R package gdistance: Distances and routes on geographical grids. Journal of Statistical Software ,76 (1). doi:10.18637/jss.v076.i13
Wardle, D. (2002). Communities and Ecosystems: Linking the aboveground and belowground components . Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Warren, B. H., Simberloff, D., Ricklefs, R. E., Aguilée, R., Condamine, F. L., Gravel, D., … Thébaud, C. (2014). Islands as model systems in ecology and evolution: prospects fifty years after MacArthur-Wilson.Ecology Letters , n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/ele.12398
White, H., Leon-Sanchez, L., Burton, V., Cameron, E., Caruso, T., Cunha, L., … Caplat, P. (2020). Methods and approaches to advance soil macroecology. Global Ecology and Biogeography (in Press) , (June), 1–17. doi:10.1111/geb.13156
Whittaker, R. J., & Fernández-Palacios, J. M. (2007). Island biogeography . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Data Accessibility and Benefit-Sharing
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Dryad athttps://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.mw6m905z3