Measures
At Time 1, one-week before the intervention, participants completed a
demographic questionnaire at arrival, then via a face-to-face interview
by a trained health care provider completed an integrated questionnaire.
Bodyweight and height were measured, and fasting blood lipids were
assessed (Table 2). Time 2 (follow-up) measurements were performed eight
weeks post-intervention during which time the integrated questionnaire
measures were completed, weight and height measurements repeated, and
lipid profile determined. While HbA1c would have been a desirable
measurement for this study, we were unable to measure HbA1c since the
measurements were performed eight weeks after the intervention. HbA1c is
measurable after three consecutive months. Of the pre-intervention
individuals, 107 (control, n =54; intervention, n =53)
participated in all sessions and completed second measurements at week-8
(Figure 1).
The questionnaires were constructed broadly according to guidelines and
examples outlined in previous research
(Ajzen, 1991,
Sniehotta, 2009,
Schwarzer, 2008), with some
negatively-worded items to reduce response bias. (see Table 3). The
first draft questionnaires were translated from English into Persian
under the supervision of an expert panel (11 Professors of nutrition,
psychology, and health promotion) familiar with both Persian and
English. The content validity of questionnaires was evaluated by a
content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) and
satisfactory scores (>0.82 and >0.75) for all
measures. The questionnaires were then completed by five individuals
with T2D to assess wording and their comprehension of items. The
integrated questionnaires are available as supplementary (Supplementary
File 2-4).