REFERENCES
  1. World Health Organisation (WHO). Coronavirus disease 2019 - World Health Organization,https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus; 2020 (accessed 18 May 2020).
  2. U.S Food & Drug Administration. ® Enbrel (etanercept), https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/103795s5503lbl.pdf; 2020 (accessed 18 May 2020).
  3. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):470-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). If You Are Immunocompromised, Protect Yourself From COVID-19, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/immunocompromised.html; 2020 (accessed 18 May 2020).
  5. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1033-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html; 2020 (accessed 18 May 2020).
  7. Antonio R, Silvia M. Immunosuppression drug‐related and clinical manifestation of Coronavirus disease 2019: a therapeutical hypothesis. American Journal of Transplantation. 2020 Apr 3. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15905
  8. Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2020 Feb 17:105924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924
  9. U.S Food & Drug Administration. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | FDA, https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/counterterrorism-and-emerging-threats/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19; 2020 (accessed 18 May 2020).
  10. Brownstone ND, Thibodeaux QG, Reddy VD, Myers BA, Chan SY, Bhutani T, Liao W. Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Biologic Therapy in Psoriasis: Infection Risk and Patient Counseling in Uncertain Times. Dermatology and therapy. 2020 Apr 16:1-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-020-00377-9
  11. Wenxing P, Luo W, Wenwen L, Jialian Z, Xuan C, Yun L, Qizhi Z. TNF-α inhibitors can increase the risk of respiratory infection when used in rheumatism: a meta-analysis and systematic review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-17199/v1
  12. Drug Bank.ca. Etanercept - DrugBank, https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00005; 2020 (accessed 18 May 2020).
  13. U.S Food & Drug Administration. ® Enbrel (etanercept), https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/103795s5503lbl.pdf; 2020 (accessed 18 May 2020).
  14. Perricone C, Triggianese P, Bartoloni E, Cafaro G, Bonifacio AF, Bursi R, Perricone R, Gerli R. The anti-viral facet of anti-rheumatic drugs: Lessons from covid-19. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2020 Apr 17:102468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102468
  15. U.S Food & Drug Administration. Mycophenolate Mofetil, https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/065410s000lbl.pdf; 2020 (accessed 18 May 2020).
  16. Zhong Z, Zhang Q, Xia H, Wang A, Liang W, Zhou W, Zhou L, Liu X, Rao L, Li Z, Peng Z. Clinical characteristics and immunosuppressant management of coronavirus disease 2019 in solid organ transplant recipients. American Journal of Transplantation. 2020 Apr 13. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15928
  17. Namazee N, Mahmoudi H, Afzal P, Ghaffari S. Novel Corona Virus 2019 pneumonia in a kidney transplant recipient. American Journal of Transplantation. 2020 May 13. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15999
  18. Hsu JJ, Gaynor P, Kamath M, Fan A, Al‐Saffar F, Cruz D, Nsair A. COVID‐19 in a High‐Risk Dual Heart and Kidney Transplant Recipient. American Journal of Transplantation. 2020 Apr 21. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15936
  19. Del Papa N, Sambataro G, Minniti A, Pignataro F, Caporali R. Novel COronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic: What are the risk for systemic sclerosis patients?. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2020 May 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102558
  20. U.S Food & Drug Administration. RAPAMUNE (sirolimus), https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/021083s059,021110s076lbl.pdf; 2020 (accessed 18 May 2020).
  21. Zhou Y, Hou Y, Shen J, Huang Y, Martin W, Cheng F. Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Cell discovery. 2020 Mar 16;6(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-0153-3
  22. López V, Vázquez T, Alonso-Titos J, Cabello M, Alonso A, Beneyto I, Crespo M, Díaz-Corte C, Franco A, González-Roncero F, Gutiérrez E. Recommendations on management of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) in kidney transplant patients. Nefrología (English Edition). 2020 Apr 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2020.03.017
  23. Bartiromo M, Borchi B, Botta A, Bagalà A, Lugli G, Tilli M, Cavallo A, Xhaferi B, Cutruzzulà R, Vaglio A, Bresci S. Threatening drug‐drug interaction in a kidney transplant patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Transplant Infectious Disease. 2020 Apr 12. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.13286
  24. U.S Food & Drug Administration. NEORAL® Cyclosporine, https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/050715s027,050716s028lbl.pdf; 2020 (accessed 18 May 2020).
  25. Chattopadhyay A, Mishra D, Sharma V, Naidu GS, Sharma A. Coronavirus disease-19 and rheumatological disorders: A narrative review. https://doi.org/10.4103/injr.injr_73_20
  26. Conforti C, Giuffrida R, Dianzani C, Di Meo N, Zalaudek I. COVID‐19 and psoriasis: is it time to limit treatment with immunosuppressants? A call for action. Dermatologic Therapy. 2020 Mar 11:e13298. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13298
  27. de Wilde AH, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, van der Meer Y, Thiel V, Narayanan K, Makino S, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ. Cyclosporin A inhibits the replication of diverse coronaviruses. The Journal of general virology. 2011 Nov;92(Pt 11):2542. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.034983-0
  28. Latif F, Farr MA, Clerkin KJ, Habal MV, Takeda K, Naka Y, Restaino S, Sayer G, Uriel N. Characteristics and Outcomes of Recipients of Heart Transplant With Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA cardiology. 2020 May 13. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.2159
  29. U.S Food & Drug Administration. RITUXAN (rituximab), https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/103705s5367s5388lbl.pdf; 2020 (accessed 18 May 2020).
  30. DrugBank.ca. Rituximab, https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00073; 2020 (accessed 18 May 2020).
  31. Willis MD, Robertson NP. Multiple sclerosis and the risk of infection: considerations in the threat of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Neurology. 2020 May 1;267(5):1567-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09822-3
  32. Mansoor S, Kelly S, Murphy K, Waters A, Siddiqui NS. COVID-19 pandemic and the risk of infection in multiple sclerosis patients on disease modifying therapies:“what the bleep do we know?”. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery. 2020 Dec;56:1-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-020-00177-0
  33. Sawalha AH, Manzi S. Coronavirus Disease-2019: Implication for the care and management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. European journal of rheumatology. 2020 Apr 8. https://doi.org/10.5152/ eurjrheum.2020.20055
  34. Adashek JJ, Hajjar J, Chemaly RF, Kurzrock R. Are Cancer Patients at Higher Risk of Death With COVID-19?. Journal of Immunotherapy. 2020;3(2):1. https://doi.org/10.4103/2666-2345.280883
  35. Brownstone ND, Thibodeaux QG, Reddy VD, Myers BA, Chan SY, Bhutani T, Liao W. Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Biologic Therapy in Psoriasis: Infection Risk and Patient Counseling in Uncertain Times. Dermatology and therapy. 2020 Apr 16:1-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-020-00377-9
  36. Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ. The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of severe COVID-19 and Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist Tocilizumab may be the key to reduce the mortality. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2020 Mar 29:105954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954
  37. Del Papa N, Sambataro G, Minniti A, Pignataro F, Caporali R. Novel COronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic: What are the risk for systemic sclerosis patients?. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2020 May 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102558
  38. Zhou Y, Hou Y, Shen J, Huang Y, Martin W, Cheng F. Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Cell discovery. 2020 Mar 16;6(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-0153-3
  39. de Wilde AH, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, van der Meer Y, Thiel V, Narayanan K, Makino S, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ. Cyclosporin A inhibits the replication of diverse coronaviruses. The Journal of general virology. 2011 Nov;92(Pt 11):2542. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.034983-0
  40. Willis MD, Robertson NP. Multiple sclerosis and the risk of infection: considerations in the threat of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Neurology. 2020 May 1;267(5):1567-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09822-3