Methods
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to identify
articles reporting the basic mechanisms of bioprosthetic valve
dysfunction and the biology of native valve cells. Searches were run in
PubMed, MEDLINE® and Google Scholar. Search terms included subject
heading and keywords for the following terms: “biological heart valve
dysfunction”, “bioprosthesis dysfunction”, “bioprosthesis
degeneration” and “tissue heart valves”