Methods
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to identify
articles reporting the basic mechanisms of bioprosthetic valve
dysfunction and the biology of native valve cells. Searches were run in
March 2020 in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE® and Google
Scholar. Search terms included subject heading and keywords for the
following terms: “biological heart valve dysfunction”, “bioprosthesis
dysfunction”, “bioprosthesis degeneration” and “tissue heart
valves”. There was no patient involvement in this study, so ethic’s
board approval was not required. This research received no grant or
funding.