Glossary:
Alloploidy: a hybrid that inherits two or more sets of chromosomes from two different parental species.
Apomixis : asexual reproduction without fertilization. Suppression of meiosis I during normal meiosis, followed by a single maturation division emitting a polar body.
Cyclical parthenogenesis : asexual mode of reproduction with alternating periods of sexual reproduction (facultative).
Environmental sex determination : sex is determined based on environmental cue rather than by a genetic basis.
Ephippium (plural ephippia): a protective casing that envelops resting eggs (diapause at blastulation).
Genotype : genetic background that determines the phenotype of an organism.
Haplotype : set of genes that is inherited together from a single parent.
Inducible defense : defense response activated from a previous encounter from a competitor or predator to prevent or reduce competition or predation.
Local adaptation : population of organisms evolve to become better at coping with local conditions.
Parthenogenesis : asexual mode of reproduction without the need for fertilization of an ovum, where eggs are developed ameiotically, producing genetically identical offspring.
Obligate parthenogenesis : asexual mode of reproduction without fertilization by sperm, where sexual eggs are produced via modified meiosis.