Glossary:
Alloploidy: a hybrid that inherits two or more sets of
chromosomes from two different parental species.
Apomixis : asexual reproduction without fertilization. Suppression
of meiosis I during normal meiosis, followed by a single maturation
division emitting a polar body.
Cyclical parthenogenesis : asexual mode of reproduction with
alternating periods of sexual reproduction (facultative).
Environmental sex determination : sex is determined based on
environmental cue rather than by a genetic basis.
Ephippium (plural ephippia): a protective casing that envelops
resting eggs (diapause at blastulation).
Genotype : genetic background that determines the phenotype of an
organism.
Haplotype : set of genes that is inherited together from a single
parent.
Inducible defense : defense response activated from a previous
encounter from a competitor or predator to prevent or reduce competition
or predation.
Local adaptation : population of organisms evolve to become better
at coping with local conditions.
Parthenogenesis : asexual mode of reproduction without the need
for fertilization of an ovum, where eggs are developed ameiotically,
producing genetically identical offspring.
Obligate parthenogenesis : asexual mode of reproduction without
fertilization by sperm, where sexual eggs are produced via modified
meiosis.