Introduction
Bone marrow necrosis (BMN), defined as the death of the medullary stroma with preservation of the cortical bone, is a rarely reported finding in the pediatric population. There are various etiologies for BMN including medications, radiation, infection, autoimmunity, and sickle cell disease. However, the vast majority (≈99%) are associated with malignancies. BMN is encountered more frequently in adults, documented in up to 5.6% of initial diagnostic acute leukemia bone marrow specimens, and is associated with an inferior prognosis. BMN in the pediatric population contributes to a challenging diagnostic process, and its effect on cancer prognosis remains unknown. A prior review described five cases of acute leukemia and two cases of neuroblastoma related to BMN over a 10-year period. A separate review noted 12 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and concomitant BMN as part of their initial presentation. In a 10-year retrospective review performed at the University of Utah, we identified nine bone marrow biopsies from six different pediatric patients with BMN, all associated with malignancies.