We investigated the factors most important for predicting overall occurrence in each model using permutation importance. However, environmental factors most important for determining habitat suitability may differ across space; to identify variables that most influence model prediction at each location, we created limiting factor maps (Elith et al. 2010)with rmaxent (Baumgartner and Wilson in press), fitting models based on the optimal regularization multipliers and feature classes parameters determined by ENMeval (millet: betamultiplier = 3.5, noproduct, nothreshold; maize: betamultiplier = 0.5, noproduct, nothreshold, nohinge; sorghum: betamultiplier = 3.5, nothreshold).  After masking to a 200 km radius of any known S. hermonthica occurrence, niche overlap statistics were calculated in ENMTools version 0.2 (Warren et al. 2010), in environmental space with the ‘env.overlap’ function or in geographic space with the ‘calc.niche.overlap’ function (Warren et al. 2019).