Fig. 4 . Parasite ENMs reflect host abiotic tolerances. A-D) Distribution of environmental values for grid cells in core habitat (habitat suitability ≥ 0.5) for ENMs based on subsets on occurrence records on different hosts. E) Habitat suitability (HS) as a function of combined host productivity (yield per hectare) at locations of maize-, millet-, and sorghum-parasitizing S. hermonthica from natural history observations. Curves were fit using local polynomial regression. HS peaks in locations of higher productivity for parasites of maize compared to millet or sorghum. F) Host specialization measured as the Paired Difference Index (PDI) for n = 25 S. hermonthicapopulations tested for emergence in previous studies. Shaded areas in (E) and (F) indicate 90% confidence intervals. Ann. Rainfall: annual rainfall (mm/yr); Mean Temp. Wet. Q.: mean temperature of the wettest quarter (°C); soil N: soil nitrogen (g/kg); clay: clay fraction (weight %)