The changes of gut metabolome induced by treating with APEC and/or baicalin in chicken
Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) were conducted to the characterize the variations in the metabolic profiles of different treatment group chickens. PCA analysis showed that the axes 1 and 2 were up to 25.9% to 15.1% of the total variation, respectively, and the gut metabolites in different treated group chickens were clearly distinct showed in Fig. 8A. In addition, a PLS-DA analysis also revealed distinct clustering based on the different treatment groups chickens (Fig. 8B). These results revealed that infection of APEC changed the gut metabolic profiles, and BAI resulted in the creation of a new gut metabolite community that different with the CON and APEC group chickens. Furthermore, a total of 371 metabolites, including amines, amino acids, ortanic acids, fatty acids, lipids, sugars, and nucleosides were identified in the gut of chicken. Among these, 65 metabolites were identified and 45 metabolites as differential between CON and APEC groups, characteristic by 9 metabolites were significantly up-regulated, while 36 metabolites were significantly up-regulated in APEC-treated group compared to the CON group chickens (Table S7). Moreover, when compared to the APEC and BAI+APEC group chickens. There are 61 metabolites were identified and 43 metabolites as differential between the two groups, and there are 9 metabolites were increased and 34 metabolites were reduced (Table S8). In addition, there are 82 metabolites were identified and 69 metabolites as differential between CON and BAI group chickens. There 14 metabolites were up-related and 55 metabolites were down-regulated in BAI groups compared to the CON group chickens (Table S9).