Study data:
For the purpose of the current analysis, data were derived from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for calendar years 2015-2017. The NIS is made possible by a Federal-State-Industry partnership sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The NIS is derived from all States for national estimates of healthcare utilization, costs and outcomes (12). NIS data are compiled annually and therefore the data can be used for analyses of disease trends over time. The NIS approximates 20% of all discharges from all US non-Federal hospitals and provides discharge weights that are used for computation of national estimates. Institutional Review Board approval and informed consents were not required for this study given the de-identified nature of the NIS dataset and public availability.