Study data:
For the purpose of the current analysis, data were derived from the
National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for calendar years 2015-2017. The NIS is
made possible by a Federal-State-Industry partnership sponsored by the
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The NIS is derived
from all States for national estimates of healthcare utilization, costs
and outcomes (12). NIS data are compiled annually and therefore the data
can be used for analyses of disease trends over time. The NIS
approximates 20% of all discharges from all US non-Federal hospitals
and provides discharge weights that are used for computation of national
estimates. Institutional Review Board approval and informed consents
were not required for this study given the de-identified nature of the
NIS dataset and public availability.