Three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (3D STE)
3D STE is a novel imaging technique that evaluates myocardial deformation using 3D full-volume images. It is limited to research and not available for routine use, but it appears to be a promising tool for the assessment of the complex RV myocardial motion [64]. A study by Field et al. showed favourable results concerning the ability of 3D STE to detect subclinical biventricular dysfunction after anthracycline chemotherapy [31]. Magunia et al. found that 3D strain of the RVFW is a predictor of mortality in LVAD recipients [60]. Smith et al. evaluated the utility of 3D STE for RV assessment in a cohort of patients with pulmonary hypertension of different aetiologies (including left heart disease) and found out that RV area-strain derived from 3D STE correlated well with RVEF and was an independent predictor of mortality [65].