Selection criteria and identification of studies
The
following criteria were adopted: (1) clinical randomized control trials
(RCTs) aiming to study using glucokinase activator for treatment of
T2DM;(2) Participants were adults (aged ≥18 years) at any risk of
diabetes, including healthy adults and those with diagnosed diabetes;(3)
BMI between 19·0 kg·m-2 and 35·0
kg·m-2;(4) There were no other treatment factors
except metformin in the combined treatment group and the control group.
We excluded the following articles: (1) Patients enrolled by a clinical
diagnosis of type 1 diabetes; a severe cardiovascular event within 6
months before the study; any type of malignancy; uncontrolled high blood
pressure;(2) The data was incomplete or report repeatedly; (3) Articles
not comparing the GKAs to placebo in T2DM;
Study inclusion, data extraction, and assessment of the risk of bias
were conducted independently in duplicate. We assessed the Cochrane risk
of bias tool domains13, as well as assessing risk from
compliance problems and attention bias, specific to our set of reviews.
We considered trials to be at low summary risk of bias if we judged
randomization, allocation concealment, and blinding of participants,
personnel, and outcome assessors to be adequate, whereas, on the
contrary, we consider it to be at medium or high risk of bias.