Figure 4 Structural equation model describing the effects of grazing intensity, grazing duration, livestock type and aridity index on relative changes in ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) through the relative changes in multi-diversity. Numbers adjacent to arrows indicate the effect size of the relationship, and solid arrows represent standardized path coefficients with significance indicated as ***P <0.001 **P <0.01 and *P <0.05. Non-significant paths are indicated by dashed arrows (P >0.05).R2marginaland R2conditional represent the level of deviance of the variable explained by all paths from the fixed effects, and both the fixed and random effects (“study”),respectively.