References |
Treatment |
Treatment |
Mechanism of Action |
Statusa,b |
Li et al., 2020 |
Anti-Viral |
Remdesivir |
Viral RNA
polymerase inhibitor |
FDA-approved for emergency
situations |
Dorward & Gbinigie, 2020 |
|
Lopinavir/Ritonavir |
Viral
chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) inhibitors |
FDA
recommends against the use of Lopinavir/Ritonavir outside the context of
clinical trials |
Nguyen et al., 2020
Keith et al., 2020
|
Immunotherapy
|
Convalescent Plasma Therapy
Monoclonal Antibodies
|
Neutralise virus; Anti-inflammatory
|
Insufficient data available for the FDA to approve for or against these
investigational immunotherapies outside of clinical trials
|
Sallard et al., 2020 |
|
Type 1 Interferon |
Inhibits viral
replication and spread, induces viral resistance in cells |
FDA
recommends against the use of interferons outside the context of
clinical trials |
Yang et al., 2020 |
Traditional Chinese Medicine |
Huoxiang Zhengqi, LianhuaQingwen, Shufeng Jiedu and XueBijing injection |
Anti-inflammatory; Inhibit viral replication and alter viral
morphology in vitro
|
NHC-approved in China |
Cox et al., 2020
Sodhi & Etminan, 2020
Conforti et al., 2020
|
Antibiotics
|
Co-amoxiclav; Ceftriaxone
Ampicillin
Clarithromycin/Azithromycin & Macrolides
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
|
Treat bacterial co-infections; Inhibit binding of SARS-CoV-2 to host
cells (Tetracycline); Anti-inflammatory (Doxycycline)
|
NICE (UK) and WHO recommends the use of broad-spectrum antibiotic and a
macrolide for the treatment of severe pneumonia
|
Huang et al., 2020
Gautret et al., 2020
|
Anti-Malarial
|
Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine
|
Interfere with pH-dependent, endosome-mediated viral entry into host
cells and viral replication.
|
FDA recommends against the high dose use of Chloroquine
|
Han et al., 2020
Yin et al., 2020
|
Anti-Coagulant
|
Heparin
|
May prevent thrombosis
|
Insufficient data available for the FDA to approve for or against
anti-coagulants outside of clinical trials
|
Horby et al., 2020
|
Corticosteroid
|
Dexamethasone
|
Anti-inflammatory
|
RECOVERY Trial
NCT04381936
|
Cheng, 2020
|
Supplement
|
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Zinc
|
Anti-oxidants; Anti-inflammatory
|
NCT04342728
NCT04344041
|
Liu et al., 2020
|
Hormone
|
Thymosin alpha one
|
Restores T-cell count
|
NCT04320238 (Recruiting)
NCT04428008
NCT04268537
|
Richardson et al., 2020 |
JAK-Inhibitor |
Baricitinib |
Impedes endocytosis of virus into host cell |
NCT04320277 |
Chatterjee, 2020
|
Anti-Diabetic
|
Dapagliflozin
|
Reduced the complications of COVID-19 especially in high risk
patients
|
DARE-19
NCT04350593
|
Amanat & Krammer, 2020
Mullard, 2020
|
Vaccines
|
mRNA-1273, mRNA vaccine
|
Induce host immune response against viral antigens.
|
NCT04283461
|
|
|
Ad5-nCoV, adenovirus vector vaccine |
|
NCT04341389 |
|
|
BNT162, mRNA vaccine |
|
NCT04380701 |
|
|
INO-4800, DNA virus vaccine |
|
NCT04336410 |
|
|
PiCoVacc, inactivated virus vaccine |
|
NCT04352608 |
|
|
NVX-CoV2373, protein subunit based vaccine |
|
NCT04368988 |
|
|
ChAdOx1 (AZD1222), adenovirus vector vaccine |
|
NCT04324606 |