Table 1. The overview of therapeutic agents for COVID-19 Table 1. The overview of therapeutic agents for COVID-19 Table 1. The overview of therapeutic agents for COVID-19 Table 1. The overview of therapeutic agents for COVID-19 Table 1. The overview of therapeutic agents for COVID-19
References Treatment Treatment Mechanism of Action Statusa,b
Li et al., 2020 Anti-Viral Remdesivir Viral RNA polymerase inhibitor FDA-approved for emergency situations
Dorward & Gbinigie, 2020 Lopinavir/Ritonavir Viral chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) inhibitors FDA recommends against the use of Lopinavir/Ritonavir outside the context of clinical trials
Nguyen et al., 2020 Keith et al., 2020
Immunotherapy
Convalescent Plasma Therapy Monoclonal Antibodies
Neutralise virus; Anti-inflammatory
Insufficient data available for the FDA to approve for or against these investigational immunotherapies outside of clinical trials
Sallard et al., 2020 Type 1 Interferon Inhibits viral replication and spread, induces viral resistance in cells FDA recommends against the use of interferons outside the context of clinical trials
Yang et al., 2020 Traditional Chinese Medicine Huoxiang Zhengqi, LianhuaQingwen, Shufeng Jiedu and XueBijing injection Anti-inflammatory; Inhibit viral replication and alter viral morphology in vitro NHC-approved in China
Cox et al., 2020 Sodhi & Etminan, 2020 Conforti et al., 2020
Antibiotics
Co-amoxiclav; Ceftriaxone Ampicillin Clarithromycin/Azithromycin & Macrolides Tetracycline Doxycycline
Treat bacterial co-infections; Inhibit binding of SARS-CoV-2 to host cells (Tetracycline); Anti-inflammatory (Doxycycline)
NICE (UK) and WHO recommends the use of broad-spectrum antibiotic and a macrolide for the treatment of severe pneumonia
Huang et al., 2020 Gautret et al., 2020
Anti-Malarial
Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine
Interfere with pH-dependent, endosome-mediated viral entry into host cells and viral replication.
FDA recommends against the high dose use of Chloroquine
Han et al., 2020 Yin et al., 2020
Anti-Coagulant
Heparin
May prevent thrombosis
Insufficient data available for the FDA to approve for or against anti-coagulants outside of clinical trials
Horby et al., 2020
Corticosteroid
Dexamethasone
Anti-inflammatory
RECOVERY Trial NCT04381936
Cheng, 2020
Supplement
Vitamin C Vitamin D Zinc
Anti-oxidants; Anti-inflammatory
NCT04342728 NCT04344041
Liu et al., 2020
Hormone
Thymosin alpha one
Restores T-cell count
NCT04320238 (Recruiting) NCT04428008 NCT04268537
Richardson et al., 2020 JAK-Inhibitor Baricitinib Impedes endocytosis of virus into host cell NCT04320277
Chatterjee, 2020
Anti-Diabetic
Dapagliflozin
Reduced the complications of COVID-19 especially in high risk patients
DARE-19 NCT04350593
Amanat & Krammer, 2020 Mullard, 2020
Vaccines
mRNA-1273, mRNA vaccine
Induce host immune response against viral antigens.
NCT04283461
Ad5-nCoV, adenovirus vector vaccine NCT04341389
BNT162, mRNA vaccine NCT04380701
INO-4800, DNA virus vaccine NCT04336410
PiCoVacc, inactivated virus vaccine NCT04352608
NVX-CoV2373, protein subunit based vaccine NCT04368988
ChAdOx1 (AZD1222), adenovirus vector vaccine NCT04324606