Figures
Figure 1. Sites with the keystone interaction recorded more individual interactions in pollination and seed dispersal networks . Treatments from top to bottom: intact forest sites with the keystone interaction (a-b ), intact forest sites without the keystone interaction (c-d ), and sites invaded by non-native ungulates (e-f ). Left and right panels correspond to pollination and seed dispersal networks, respectively. In each panel, boxes represent species of plants (green), pollinators (red), and seed dispersers (blue). Lines represent ecological interactions between species. Box width is proportional to number of interactions.
Figure 2. The complexity of pollination and seed dispersal networks was greater in intact forest sites with the keystone interaction . Number and relative frequency of motifs related to their complexity (number of nodes-species- per motif) for both pollination (a and b ) and seed dispersal (c andd ) networks. Bar color represents treatment: intact forest sites with (violet) and without (white) the keystone interaction. Bars represent means ± standard error.
Figure 3. The functional redundancy among generalist species and the ecological importance of the mistletoe, hummingbird and marsupial were greater in intact forest sites with the keystone interaction than in sites without it . a) Number of pollinator and plant species occupying generalist positions in pollination networks. Number within the circles represents the generalist position occupied by the species: the positions number 46 and 17 indicate four direct interactions, and the positions number 148 and 47 indicate five direct interactions. Circle color represents the trophic group occupying the generalist position: pollinators (red) and plants (green).b) Ecological importance -number of motif positions occupied in the network- of the keystone mutualism members. From left to right: mistletoe, hummingbird, and marsupial. Letters mean significant difference between treatments. Bars represent means ± standard error.
Figure 4. Complexity of pollination and seed dispersal networks was greater in intact forest sites with the keystone interaction than in sites invaded by non-native ungulates. Number and relative frequency of motifs related to their complexity (number of nodes -species- per motif) for both pollination (a andb ) and seed dispersal (c and d ) networks. Bar color represents treatment: intact forest sites with the keystone interaction (violet) and sites invaded by non-native ungulates (orange). Bar represent means ± standard error.
Figure 5. The functional redundancy among generalist species and the ecological importance of the mistletoe, hummingbird, and marsupial were greater in intact forest sites with the keystone interaction than in sites invaded by non-native ungulates. a) Number of pollinator and plant species occupying generalist positions in pollination networks. Number within the circles represents the generalist position occupied by the species: the positions number 46 and 17 indicate four direct interactions, and the positions number 148 and 47 indicate five direct interactions. Circle color represents the trophic group occupying the generalist position: pollinators (red) and plants (green). b) Ecological importance -number of motif positions occupied in the network- of the keystone mutualism members. From left to right: mistletoe, hummingbird, and marsupial. Letters mean significant difference between treatments. Bars represent means ± standard error.