Figures
Figure 1. Sites with the keystone interaction recorded
more individual interactions in pollination and seed dispersal
networks . Treatments from top to bottom: intact forest sites with the
keystone interaction (a-b ), intact forest sites without the
keystone interaction (c-d ), and sites invaded by non-native
ungulates (e-f ). Left and right panels correspond to
pollination and seed dispersal networks, respectively. In each panel,
boxes represent species of plants (green), pollinators (red), and seed
dispersers (blue). Lines represent ecological interactions between
species. Box width is proportional to number of interactions.
Figure 2. The complexity of pollination and seed
dispersal networks was greater in intact forest sites with the keystone
interaction . Number and relative frequency of motifs related to their
complexity (number of nodes-species- per motif) for both pollination
(a and b ) and seed dispersal (c andd ) networks. Bar color represents treatment: intact forest
sites with (violet) and without (white) the keystone interaction. Bars
represent means ±
standard error.
Figure 3. The functional redundancy among generalist species and
the ecological importance of the mistletoe, hummingbird and
marsupial were greater in intact forest sites with the keystone
interaction than in sites without it . a) Number of pollinator
and plant species occupying generalist positions in pollination
networks. Number within the circles represents the generalist position
occupied by the species: the positions number 46 and 17 indicate four
direct interactions, and the positions number 148 and 47 indicate five
direct interactions. Circle color represents the trophic group occupying
the generalist position: pollinators (red) and plants (green).b) Ecological importance -number of motif positions occupied in
the network- of the keystone mutualism members. From left to right:
mistletoe, hummingbird, and marsupial. Letters mean significant
difference between treatments. Bars represent means ± standard error.
Figure 4. Complexity of pollination and seed dispersal
networks was greater in intact forest sites with the keystone
interaction than in sites invaded by non-native ungulates. Number and
relative frequency of motifs related to their complexity (number of
nodes -species- per motif) for both pollination (a andb ) and seed dispersal (c and d ) networks. Bar
color represents treatment: intact forest sites with the keystone
interaction (violet) and sites invaded by non-native ungulates (orange).
Bar represent means ± standard error.
Figure 5. The functional redundancy among generalist
species and the ecological importance of the mistletoe,
hummingbird, and marsupial were greater in intact forest sites
with the keystone interaction than in sites invaded by non-native
ungulates. a) Number of pollinator and plant species occupying
generalist positions in pollination networks. Number within the circles
represents the generalist position occupied by the species: the
positions number 46 and 17 indicate four direct interactions, and the
positions number 148 and 47 indicate five direct interactions. Circle
color represents the trophic group occupying the generalist position:
pollinators (red) and plants (green). b) Ecological importance
-number of motif positions occupied in the network- of the keystone
mutualism members. From left to right: mistletoe, hummingbird, and
marsupial. Letters mean significant difference between treatments. Bars
represent means ± standard error.