Does the disruption of the keystone interaction by non-native ungulates produce cascading effects on the community?
To test if non-native ungulates produce cascading effects on the community by disrupting the keystone interaction we compared network complexity, functional redundancy among generalist species, and the ecological importance of keystone interaction members between intact forest sites with the keystone interaction and sites invaded by non-native ungulates. Network complexity, functional redundancy among generalist species, and the ecological importance of keystone interaction members were estimated using the same methodology explained above.