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\begin{document}

\title{Extensive sympatry and frequent hybridization of ecologically divergent
aquatic plants on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau}



\author[1]{Zhigang Wu}%
\author[2]{Zhong Wang}%
\author[3]{Dong Xie}%
\author[2]{Juan Zhang}%
\author[2]{Pengsen Cai}%
\author[2]{Xing Li}%
\author[2]{Xinwei Xu}%
\author[1]{Tao Li}%
\author[1]{Jindong Zhao}%
\affil[1]{Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[2]{Wuhan University}%
\affil[3]{Nanjing Forestry University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Hybridization has fascinated biologists in recent centuries for its
evolutionary importance, especially in plants. Hybrid zones are commonly
located in regions across environmental gradients due to more
opportunities to contact and ecological heterogeneity. For aquatic taxa,
intrazonal character makes broad overlapping regions in intermediate
environments between related species. However, we have limited
information on the hybridization pattern of aquatic taxa across an
altitudinal gradient. In this study, we aimed to test the hypotheses
that niche overlap and hybridization might be extensive in related
aquatic plants in alpines. We evaluated the niche overlap in three
related species pairs on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and assessed the
spatial pattern of hybrid populations. Obvious niche overlap and common
hybridization were revealed in all three pairs of related aquatic
plants. The plateau edge and river basins were broad areas for the
sympatry of divergent taxa, where a large proportion of hybrid
populations occurred. Hybrids are also discretely distributed in diverse
habitats on the plateau. Differences in the extent of niche overlap,
genetic incompatibility and phylogeographic history might lead to
inconsistences in hybridization patterns among the three species pairs.
Our results suggested that plateau areas are a hotspot for ecologically
divergent aquatic species to contact and mate and implied that
hybridization may be important for the freshwater biodiversity of
highlands.%
\end{abstract}%



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