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\begin{document}

\title{Universal rules of life: metabolic rates, biological times and the equal
fitness paradigm}



\author[1]{Joseph Burger}%
\author[2]{Chen Hou}%
\author[3]{Charles Hall}%
\author[4]{James Brown}%
\affil[1]{University of Arizona Arid Lands Resource Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program}%
\affil[2]{Missouri University of Science and Technology}%
\affil[3]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[4]{University of New Mexico}%


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  \date{May 23, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Here we review and extend the equal fitness paradigm (EFP) as an
important step in developing and testing a synthetic theory of ecology
and evolution based on energy and metabolism. The EFP states that all
organisms are equally fit at steady state, because they allocate the
same quantity of energy, \textasciitilde{}22.4 kJ/g/generation to
production of offspring. On the one hand, the EFP may seem tautological,
because equal fitness is necessary for the origin and persistence of
biodiversity. On the other hand, the EFP reflects universal laws of
life: how biological metabolism -- the uptake, transformation and
allocation of energy -- links ecological and evolutionary patterns and
processes across levels of organization from: i) structure and function
of individual organisms, ii) life history and dynamics of populations,
iii) interactions and coevolution of species in ecosystems. The physics
and biology of metabolism have facilitated the evolution of millions of
species with idiosyncratic anatomy, physiology, behavior and ecology but
also with many shared traits and tradeoffs that reflect the single
origin and universal rules of life.%
\end{abstract}%



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