Respiratory System Biomarker
Abnormal gene
Gene transfection in nasal or bronchial epithelial cells Nasal potential difference
Abnormal protein
Sweat Chloride Nasal potential difference Intestinal current measurement
Abnormal airway environment
Mucociliary and cough clearance
Mucus obstruction
Mucociliary and cough clearance Mucus rheology
Infection
Microbiology Microbiome
Inflammation
Inflammatory mediators in sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid Inflammatory mediators in serum Measures in exhaled breath
Damage to airway wall architecture
Radiographic imaging Structural elements in urine
Gastrointestinal System
Pancreatic insufficiency
Coefficient of fat absorption Coefficient of Nitrogen absorption Circulating concentrations of vitamins