Limitations
This is an integrative conceptual review. The LEADS+ Developmental Model will evolve with additional research and development work. While informed by knowledge users, it lacks empirical evidence to support the many underlying assumptions. Further research is required to validate the LEADS+ Developmental Model in a range of settings While the consultation process purposely sampled from a broad range of experienced leaders and leadership educators, our analysis did not determine if theoretical sufficiency (e.g., a fulsome contribution of opinions to ensure balance and completeness) was achieved and only sampled opinions based on North American AHC leadership contexts (i.e. more egalitarian and hierarchical). Consultations with health care leaders and eduators identitifed limitations of the model, specifically: 1) the high complexity of the conceptual model, 2) similarity to other leadership models, 3) the lack of assessment tools to support this model, 4) the implied trajectory of the model may not align with an individual’s intended leadership capabilities, 5) the absence of capacity-building in the model, and 6) the perceived physician-centric nature of the model.