Conclusions

TRT for and HRT for females have not demonstrated any beneficial effects in terms of PD onset prevention, or procrastination. On the contrary, particularly testosterone, is more likely to have a detrimental effect. Our results need to be interpreted cautiously as the treatment with HRT and TRT were not randomized and it cannot be excluded that stopping those treatments may cause a sudden hormonal drop which in turn may have a negative effect of some significance when considering the onset of PD.
 
 

Bibliography

1.     Bourque M, Dluzen DE, Di Paolo T. “Neuroprotective actions of sex steroids in Parkisnon's disease.” Front Neuroendocrinol (2009): 142-157.
2.     Cunningham RL, Giuffrida A, Roberts JL. “Androgens induce dopaminergic neurotoxicity via caspase-3-dependent activation of protein kinase Cdelta.” Endocrinology (2009): 150(12):5539‐5548.
3.     H Sawada, S Shimohama. “Estrogens and Parkisnon Disease.” Endocrine (2003): 77-79.
4.     K Taguchi, Y Watanabe, A Tsujimura, M Tanaka. “Brain region-dependent differential expression of alpha-synuclein.” J Comp Neurol (2016): 1236-1258.
5.     Petrovska S, Dejanova B, Jurisic V. “Estrogens: mechanisms of neuroprotective effects.” J Physiol Biochem(2012): 455-460.
6.     Purves-Tyson TD, Owens SJ, Double KL, Desai R, Handelsman DJ, Weickert CS. “Testosterone induces molecular changes in dopamine signaling pathway molecules in the adolescent male rat nigrostriatal pathway.” PLoS One (2014): 9(3).