2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
In this study, all articles evaluated the effectiveness of m–health on GDM management by using m-health tools such as telemedicine system based on smartphones, m-Health, short message service (SMS), and mobile applications were included. Reviews and unpublished dissertations, commentaries, opinion papers, editorials, summaries were not considered. Studies that used telemedicine intervention without mobile phone, reported functions and implementation of the interventions unclearly, or presented descriptions of information technology were excluded.