Figure 1. Mutation profiles of four insecticide targets collected by literature mining. The mutation positions in VGSC ,AChE and RyR were determined by alignment of corresponding cDNA sequences of Musca domestica , Torpedo Californica , and P. xylostella . In addition, the mutation positions in four subunits of nAChR , alpha1, alpha3, alpha6, and beta1, were determined by aligning the corresponding cDNA sequences of N. lugens , N. lugens , Frankliniella occidentalis , andA. gossypii , respectively.