A
|
Contact with a SARS-Cov-2 infected individual
|
++++
|
Case zero identified
++++
e.g. Lombardy
|
A |
Intensity of social contacts |
++ |
+++ |
A |
Intensity of occupational contacts |
+++ |
++ |
A
|
Confinement (level)
|
+++
|
+++
e.g. US versus EU
Sweden vs Nordic countries
|
A
|
Confinement (early measures)
|
+++
|
+++
e.g. UK versus EU
|
A
|
Climatic conditions (temperature, humidity)
|
?
|
++
Hot and humid temperature may reduce infection but epidemic bursts in
Brazil, Peru and Ecuador
|
A |
GDP of a country/region |
? |
+ |
B
|
Vitamin D
|
?
|
+
The map of COVID-19 deaths in Europe and the low prevalence in Asia and
Africa suggest a role for diet
|
B
|
Diet
|
?
|
+
Still unclear
|
B
|
Food
|
++?
|
+
Bibliographic analysis suggests a role for some fermented foods.
Raw cabbage can be fermented in the intestine.
Kefir is largely used in many low-prevalence countries.
|
B
|
Long food chain supply
|
++?
|
+
In Italy and Spain, there may be an association with long chain supply.
This may be relevant since food quality differs.
|
B
|
Traditional fermented food (example of food)
|
++?
|
++
This may be a relevant issue. In former Eastern European countries, in
the Balkans, in Africa, in many Asian countries with low-COVID-19
prevalence, traditional fermented foods are common (in line with short
food chain supply)
|
B |
Air pollution |
+? |
+? |
B |
Underserved area |
++ |
++ |
C |
Age |
+++ |
|
C |
Comorbidities (severity of COVID-19) |
+++ |
++ |
C |
Sex |
++ |
|
C |
Institutionalized person |
++ |
|