5 CONCLUSION
We have demonstrated that neonates were exposed to high rates of off-label drug use in Henan, China. The most frequently prescribed category of off-label use was anti-infectives for systemic use and most frequently prescribed drugs in an off-label manner were phosphocreatine and phylloquinone. Efforts are still in urgent need to ensure the safety and efficiency of drug therapy for neonates, such as the publication and implementation of guidelines, the clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic research, and the design and development of pediatric formulations.