Figure legends
Figure 1. Geographic location and host species of theCactoblastis cactorum populations sampled in this study (A).
Regions represent biogeographic provinces according to Morrone et al.
(2014). Panels (B) and (C) represent the maps of habitat suitability forC. cactorum during the present (B) and during the Last Glacial
Maximum (LGM, ca. 21ky) (C) as inferred by the most-supported ENM model
in MAXENT. For visual representation, we only displayed ENM results
based on the model constructed with the climate-based habitat
suitability maps for host species (CurrentHOST), which
resulted with the lowest AIC score in model comparison. Inferences from
alternative models are shown in Figure S5.
Figure 2 . Population genetic structure and phylogenetic
relationships of the C. cactorum populations sampled in this
study, using nuclear and mitochondrial genetic data. Each genetic group
is represented by the same color across panels. (A) Pie charts represent
the average ancestry coefficient of individuals belonging to each of 28
sampling sites distributed along three biogeographic regions according
to Morrone (2014). (B) Species tree reconstructed by the coalescent
method SNAPP using a matrix of 2,086 unlinked SNPs; numbers in nodes
denote posterior probability for the most supported topology based on
the maximum credibility tree. (C) Results of individual assignment in
genetic clusters using sNMF method. Vertical bars represent the ancestry
coefficient of each individual to the corresponding genetic cluster. (D)
Principal component analysis (PCAs) using the two major axes of genomic
variation. (E) Median-joining network obtained with mtDNA data. The
mitochondrial network consisted of 66 haplotypes grouped in at least six
haplogroups.
Figure 3. Visual representation of the most supported
demographic model (Model 8) estimated using Fastsimcoal2. Parameter
estimates included timing of population divergence
(TDIV1 and TDIV2), historical and
contemporary effective population sizes (NEANC1 and
NEANC2), and asymmetric rates of gene flow
(MSC, MCS; MES,
MSE; MCE, and MEC).
Figure 4. Spatial pattern of population genetic diversity forCactoblastis cactorum . The map shows the projection of climatic
and habitat stability through time, from LGM (~21 Kya)
to the present, for the three ENM models based on (i) only climatic
variables (StabilityENV) (A), (ii) climate-based habitat
suitability maps for host species (StabilityHOST) (B),
and (iii) combining climatic variables climate-based habitat suitability
maps for host species (StabilityENV-HOST) (C). Circle
sizes denote varying levels of population genetic diversity as indicated
by nuclear [(A). H E, expected heterozygosity;
(B). π, nucleotide diversity) and mitochondrial (C). HD,
haplotype diversity)]. Bottom panels show the significantly positive
relationships between a given genetic diversity index and latitude.