Study Population
This study included 395 consecutive patients who underwent their first RFCA procedure for PAF between February 2012 and June 2019 at Nippon Medical School Chiba-Hokusoh Hospital. This study was approved by the institutional review board. Patients were excluded from the study if any of the following were present: (1) severe valvular disease, (2) left ventricular ejection fraction < 35%, (3) left atrial dimension > 55 mm, (4) active thyroid disease, (5) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, (6) hemodialysis, or (7) use of antiarrhythmic drugs during the blanking period. Ninety-seven patients underwent conventional non-CF-guided ablation (Non-CF group) and 298 patients underwent CF-guided ablation (CF group: force-time integral [FTI]-guided, 181 patients; ablation index [AI]-guided, 117 patients).