Conclusion
In recent years, the understanding of BSMs in CVD has advanced
significantly. Different types of BSMs including lipid, peptide, nucleic
acid and others have been demonstrated to widely regulate all aspects of
the development of cardiovascular disease. The five main features of
BSMs summarized in this review depict a vivid and complex picture of
integral interaction networks of BSMs in regulating the signal
transduction pathways and gene expressions, which may have beneficial or
harmful effects on the heart diseases. However, the researches of BSMs
in cardiovascular physiology and pathology is still at a very early
stage. The exact biological effects of many BSMs need to be expounded
and many unknown small molecules remain to be discovered.
At the same time, the advancement of artificial intelligence and other
information technology paves the way to discovering potential
small-molecule drug candidates and expanding clinical applications of
BSMs in cardiovascular disease. Although the prevalent bio-macromolecule
drug development obscures the discovery of small-molecule drugs, novel
paradigm of small-molecule drug design equipped with artificial
intelligence and deep learning is gradually generating. Meanwhile,
biomarkers of BSMs have been developed into the diagnosis of coronary
heart disease, which provides new insights into the application of BSMs
in cardiovascular diseases. What’s more, many new approaches including
the precise measurement of BSMs have been made to facilitate the further
exploration of specific mechanism of BSMs regulation in the future.