Conclusion
In recent years, the understanding of BSMs in CVD has advanced significantly. Different types of BSMs including lipid, peptide, nucleic acid and others have been demonstrated to widely regulate all aspects of the development of cardiovascular disease. The five main features of BSMs summarized in this review depict a vivid and complex picture of integral interaction networks of BSMs in regulating the signal transduction pathways and gene expressions, which may have beneficial or harmful effects on the heart diseases. However, the researches of BSMs in cardiovascular physiology and pathology is still at a very early stage. The exact biological effects of many BSMs need to be expounded and many unknown small molecules remain to be discovered.
At the same time, the advancement of artificial intelligence and other information technology paves the way to discovering potential small-molecule drug candidates and expanding clinical applications of BSMs in cardiovascular disease. Although the prevalent bio-macromolecule drug development obscures the discovery of small-molecule drugs, novel paradigm of small-molecule drug design equipped with artificial intelligence and deep learning is gradually generating. Meanwhile, biomarkers of BSMs have been developed into the diagnosis of coronary heart disease, which provides new insights into the application of BSMs in cardiovascular diseases. What’s more, many new approaches including the precise measurement of BSMs have been made to facilitate the further exploration of specific mechanism of BSMs regulation in the future.