Blood Glucose Management
Newly diagnosed type 2 DM patients without standard antidiabetic treatments before the onset of IMHB were identified (diagnostic criteria of type 2 DM included: hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] ≥6.5%, fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL, and 2 hour plasma glucose≥200 mg/dL). The insulin therapy for these patients included the insulin pump with and without long-acting and short-acting subcutaneous insulin to achieve efficient rapid glycemic control during the acute phase (with the help of a physician, D.J. ). The target blood glucose level included proper blood glucose levels of fasting and premeal states (80-130 mg/dL) and the postprandial state (less than 180 mg/dL) [7] . After achieving target glucose control, type 2 DM patients were transitioned to scheduled subcutaneous insulin therapy combined with the admission of oral antidiabetic medication drugs. After TEVAR or open surgery, patients with persistently elevated serum glucose (> 180 mg/dL) received continuous intravenous insulin perfusion to maintain serum glucose < 180 mg/dL during their stay in the intensive care unit and then were transitioned to their preoperative scheduled insulin therapy combined with oral antidiabetic drugs [7] .